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- Fat content reduction and lipid profile improvement in Portuguese fermented sausages alheiraPublication . Teixeira, Alfredo; Fernandes, Alberto; Pereira, EtelvinaDue to the current trend to reduce fat consumption, the meat food industry, has been increasing the strategies to produce and commercialize products where the reduction or even elimination of saturated fat is an important goal. This study aimed to test different formulas to reduce the fat content and improve the lipid profile in the Portuguese fermented sausage alheira. Data indicate that the three composition formulas of alheiras tested are not a hypercaloric product and the fatty acid profile could be improved changing the sources of fat and specie of meat, particularly reducing the palmitic and stearic acids and the myristic acid contents and increasing the oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic acid contents. The industry could diversify its offer with two new composition formulas, a pork-free alheira, and oil-free alheira, reducing the fat content and improving the fatty acid profile.
- How does the added fat source affect sensory quality of sheep and goat pâtés? Como a fonte de gordura adicionada afeta a qualidade sensorial de patês de ovinos e caprinos?Publication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Almeida, Samanta Kelli; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, AlfredoSensory quality of sheep and goat pâtés with different sources and percentage of fat (10% or 30%, and pork belly or olive oil) were evaluated. A trained taste panel performed sensory analysis and consumers were consulted to perceive their preferences. Generalised Procrustes Analysis was used to test the differences found by panellists. Panellists were able to find sensory differences between sheep and goat pâtés, and also fat percentages. Goat pâtés had higher values of juiciness and sheep pâtés had higher values of taste intensity. Ten percent pork belly fat pâtés had the highest values of colour and cohesiveness attributes and also aroma intensity, while 30% olive oil pâtés had the highest values of texture attributes, except cohesiveness. Although, differences between pâtés were found by panellists, consumers had no particular preference for one of them.
- How does the added fat source affect sensory quality of sheep and goat pâtés?Publication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Almeida, Samanta Kelli; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, AlfredoSensory quality of sheep and goat pâtés with different sources and percentage of fat (10% or 30%, and pork belly or olive oil) were evaluated. A trained taste panel performed sensory analysis and consumers were consulted to perceive their preferences. Generalised Procrustes Analysis was used to test the differences found by panellists. Panellists were able to find sensory differences between sheep and goat pâtés, and also fat percentages. Goat pâtés had higher values of juiciness and sheep pâtés had higher values of taste intensity. Ten percent pork belly fat pâtés had the highest values of colour and cohesiveness attributes and also aroma intensity, while 30% olive oil pâtés had the highest values of texture attributes, except cohesiveness. Although, differences between pâtés were found by panellists, consumers had no particular preference for one of them.
- Goat meat quality. Effects of salting, air-drying and ageing processesPublication . Teixeira, Alfredo; Pereira, Etelvina; Rodrigues, SandraThe effects of ageing, salting, and air-drying processes in color and water activity were studied in the subscapular and semimembranosus muscles. Also, characteristics as pH, color, water activity, water-holding capacity, texture and determination of the heminic pigments were assessed on raw meat of longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle. Animals were slaughtered at the Bragança slaughterhouse. Carcasses weighing between 16.6 kg and 24.4 kg were cooled at 4 °C during 72 h and 120 h, corresponding to ageing 1 and ageing 2 treatments, respectively. Carcasses were then deboned, divided into quarters and submitted to a salting process for 60 h and drought for 48 h. The process of salting had a great influence in all color parameters (L*, a*, b*, H* and C*). During salting process the values of Hue (H*) became higher while Chroma (C*) lower, making the meat darker. The b* index showed changes according salting process, as it was higher for ageing 1. Water activity (aw) decreased with salting and air-drying processes, important for the product preservation. The texture was the most influenced parameter by ageing process. The longer period of ageing makes the meat tender and reduces the toughness.
- Efeito do tratamento térmico no perfil de ácidos gordos de alheiras do Nordeste TransmontanoPublication . Pereira, Ermelinda; Fontes, Marta; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, Alfredo; Ramalhosa, ElsaO Nordeste Transmontano é uma região onde diversos produtos cárneos tradicionais são produzidos. A alheira é um desses produtos típicos, feita à base de carne de porco, pão e azeite, sendo sujeita a um processo de fumagem. Após esse período, a alheira está pronta para ser vendida ao consumidor final. Este antes de a consumir, sujeita-a a um tratamento térmico, o qual pode provocar alterações no perfil lipídico dos alimentos no que se refere à composição em ácidos gordos. Para estudar o efeito do aquecimento no perfil lipídico de alheiras, no presente trabalho extraiu-se a gordura e determinou-se o perfil em ácidos gordos antes e após tratamento térmico num forno com convecção a 220 ºC. Em simultâneo procedeu-se à determinação do pH, da atividade da água e dos teores de proteína bruta e de cinzas. Verificou-se que a alheira é um produto que apresenta, como valores médios, uma atividade da água de 0,918±0,007, pH ligeiramente ácido (6,07±0,26), teor de proteína de 9,94±0,93 %, teor de gordura de 6,60±0,68 % e teor em cinzas de 1,14±0,02 %. Em relação aos ácidos gordos (% em peso fresco), os monoinsaturados (MUFA) foram os predominantes na alheira não sujeita ao tratamento térmico (3,20±0,31 %), seguidos dos saturados (SFA) (2,02±0,30 %) e dos polinsaturados (PUFA) (0,97±0,14 %). Padrão semelhante foi observado em alheiras sujeitas a tratamento térmico: MUFA 4,99±0,89, SFA 2,63±0,51 e PUFA 1,44±0,28 % em peso fresco. Relativamente aos ácidos gordos individuais, foram detetados os seguintes: Saturados: C4 (Butírico), C8 (Caprílico), C10 (Cáprico) (apenas nas alheiras não sujeitas a tratamento térmico), C12 (Láurico), C14 (Mirístico), C16 (Palmítico) e C18 (Esteárico); Monoinsaturados: C16:1 (Palmitoleico), C18:1 (Oleico); e Polinsaturados: C18:2 (Linoleico) e C18:3 (Linolénico). Destes, o C18:1 foi o predominante em alheiras antes e após o tratamento térmico, devido a ser o ácido gordo mais abundante na carne de porco e no azeite, usado na preparação das alheiras. Em relação ao efeito do tratamento térmico sobre o perfil de ácidos gordos verificou-se que os teores de C4, C8, C14, C16, C18:1 e C18:2 antes e após tratamento foram significativamente diferentes.
- Características físicas y químicas de las principales carnes comercializadas en el NE de Portugal.Publication . Teixeira, Alfredo; Rodrigues, Sandra; Pereira, Etelvina; Fernandes, Antonio OriaLos diversos agentes de la cadena productiva de la carne vienen aunando esfuerzos para mejorar la calidad de sus productos con el objetivo principal de corresponder a las exigencias, cada vez mayores, del mercado consumidor. Entre las diversas características que afectan a la calidad de la carne, las físicas y químicas tienen una gran relevancia. Los parámetros como el pH, el color, la capacidad de retenci6n de agua (CRA), la textura (01) y los porcentajes de: proteína bruta (PB), grasa intramuscular (GI), grasa total (GT) y perfil de ácidos grasos saturados (AS) e insaturados (AI) son los que más interesan a los distintos intervinientes de la cadena, desde la producci6n hasta el consumidor final. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados preliminares de un estudio que pretende caracterizar los principales tipos de carne (vacuno, caprino, ovina, conejo, polio, pato, pavo y cerda) que son comercialmente ofrecidos al consumidor en la regi6n nordeste de Portugal y se encuadra en el ámbito curricular de la asignatura de Tecnología de la Carne y de Productos Cameos de la carrera de Ingeniarla Agroalimentaria de la Escuela Superior Agraria (ESA) del Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB).
- Características de calidad de la canal del cabrito transmontano.Publication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, AlfredoEn Portugal, la carne de cabrito se comercializa, principal mente en forma de canal, o en piezas resultantes de su despiece. La canal es fundamentalmente una medida de la productividad del sistema, siendo particularmente el objetivo final de los sistemas de producción de carne. La cantidad de musculo, grasa y hueso, a sea, la composición en tejidos merece un especial interés, puesto que el consumidor paga estos tres tejidos al mismo precio. Los métodos de disección y de despiece de referencia son de gran importancia al permitir obtener datos de alto valor biológico (Delfa et aI., t 992). Así, el conocimiento de la composición de tejidos, en función de los principales factores que la afectan, como el peso y sexo, es fundamental, como 10 han referido diversos autores (Colomer-Rocher et al. , 1992, Teixeira et aI., 1995, Dhanda et aI., 1999a,b, Mourad et al., 2001 , Marichal et al. , 2003, Dhanda et aI., 2003 y Santos, 2004). EI propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del sexo y el peso de la canal en la composición regional, en algunas medidas de la confirmación y en la proporción de piezas comerciales.
- Effect of sex and carcass weight on carcass and meat quality of “Cabrito Transmontano” PDO.Publication . Jiménez Badillo, M.R.; Rodrigues, Sandra; Pereira, Etelvina; Sañudo, Carlos; Teixeira, AlfredoThe objective of the study was to contribute to the characterization of the Serrana breed on the meat production aspects. The study was carried out in 60 (Cabrita Transmontano) milk-fed kid carcasses (31 males and 29 females) to evaluate the effects of sex and carcass weight (4, 6 and 8 kg) on some carcass conformation measurements; on longissimus dorsi muscle thickness and fat thickness measurements; on regional joint carcass composition and finally on meat pH and color. Furthermore a study on the relative growth of the carcass joints and its tissue composition, by means of logarithmic transformation of the Huxley equation (Log y = Log a + b Log x) was undertaken. Finally, prediction equations of the carcass composition were estimated by using both conformation and the longissimus dorsi measurements.
- Chemical and thermal characterization of a portuguese traditional fermented meat sausagePublication . Fonte, Marta; Pereira, Ermelinda; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, Alfredo; Ramalhosa, ElsaIn the North of Portugal several traditional fermented meat products are produced. One of these is the alheira that is a smoked sausage, made from the meat of pig, regional wheat bread and olive oil, seasoned with salt, garlic and paprika. This product must be subjected to a thermal process before consumption in order to garantee its safety and reducing the occurrence of foodborne diseases. The aim of the present work was to characterize this product in relation to the chemical composition and thermal behaviour. Alheiras were bought to local producers. pH, water activity, fat and protein contents were determined. In order to obtain the heating curves, alheiras were roasted at different temperatures, ranging from 120 to 240 ºC, in a forced convection oven. The center temperature, as well as the temperature of the sourrounding medium, were monitored along the heating. Alheiras presented a pH value of 6.07±0.26, a water activity of 0.92±0.01, a fat content of 6.60±0.68% and a protein content of 9.78±0.92. After a certain period of time, the temperature at the center of the product remained almost constant, around 100 ºC, eventhough higher temperatures of heating were used. At 240 ºC the heating process was around three times faster than at 120 ºC. For reaching 100 ºC, 13.0±0.5 min were necessary at 240 ºC instead 42.5±2.5 min at 120 ºC.
- Produtos alimentares tradicionais: hábitos de compra e consumo do melPublication . Ribeiro, Maria Isabel; Matos, Alda; Almeida, Armandina dos Santos; Fonseca, Arminda; Fernandes, Belmiro; Mota, Carla; Gonçalves, Engrácia; Garcia, Elga; Pereira, Etelvina; Garção, Hélder; Guedes, Helena; Rodrigues, Manuel A.; Neto, Margarida; Abreu, RicardoEste estudo tem como objectivos conhecer o perfil do consumidor do mel e descrever os seus hábitos de consumo e compra. Foi elaborado um estudo quantitativo que teve como base a construção de um questionário, que foi aplicado a 172 indivíduos do Distrito de Bragança. Através da análise descritiva dos dados faz-se a caracterização da amostra e descrevem-se os hábitos de consumo e compra do mel. Participaram neste estudo 172 indivíduos, dos quais 41,9% são do sexo masculino e 58,1% são do sexo feminino. Verificou-se que a esmagadora maioria é consumidor de mel (94,8%), prefere o mel da região porque está mais disponível, é mais saboroso e tem qualidade (70,9%). A principal forma de utilização do mel é combinado com outros alimentos (60,5%), o local preferido para a sua compra é junto do produtor (51,7%) e o factor que mais pesa na decisão de compra é o paladar (52,3%). To determine the honey consumer’s profile and to describe your purchase and consume habits are the objectives of this study. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in a probabilistic sample including 172 individuals of the Braganza region population. After, data descriptive analyses is done characterization of the sample and are described purchase and consume habits of the inquiry. In this study participated 172 individuals, of which 41,9% are male and 58,1% are female. It was verified that the smashing majority is honey consumer (94,8%), they prefer the national honey because it is more available, it is tastier, it is quality and it is trustworthy (70,9%). The main form honey use is mixed with other foods (60,5%), the favorite place for the honey purchase is near the producer (51,7%) and the factor that more it weighs in the purchase decision this product is the palate (52,3%).