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- Can the inclusion of different olive oil cakes on diet affect carcass quality of Bísaro?Publication . Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Vasconcelos, Lia; Domínguez, Rubén; Rodrigues, Sandra; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Pinheiro, Victor; Lorenzo, José M.; Teixeira, AlfredoThe present work aimed to evaluate the potential incorporation of olive by-products olive cake (crude olive cake, exhausted olive cake without and with olive oil and two-phase olive cake) in the diet of Bísaro pigs, a local breed reared in Trás-os-Montes region (northeast of Portugal) and to study its effect on the animal´s growth traits and carcass characteristics. The experiment was carried out on 40 Bísaro pigs selected from animals delivered for slaughter to Bragança-Portugal. Five different treatments with different olive cakes (T1 – basal diet; T2 – 10% crude olive oil; T3 – 10% olive cake two phases, T4 – 10% exhausted olive cake; and T5 – 10% exhausted olive cake + 1% olive oil) were. Body weight, pH (1 and 24 hours after slaughter) and carcass weight were similar in all treatments and no significant differences were observed. No significant differences were found between the treatments for the carcass measurements performed, except for the longissimus dorsi length at seventh rib (P<0.05) varying between 75.9 (T3) and 87.3 (T5) mm and fat depth measured at the last rib (P3 measurement) varying between 91.1 (T5) and 99.2 (T4) (P<0.05). The data provide the definition of a standard carcass for the breed and this ratio of body weight. Results indicate that this oil by-product can be used to feeding Bísaro pigs.
- Exploring the Nexus of Feeding and Processing: Implications for Meat Quality and Sensory PerceptionPublication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Teixeira, AlfredoThe intrinsic quality of meat is directly related to muscle and fat tissues. Factors such as the rate and extent of anaerobic glycolysis affect muscle pH, influencing the meat’s color, water holding, and texture. Postmortem anomalies can result in deviations from this intrinsic quality. The animals’ diet plays a crucial role in meat quality. Specific nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals, affect meat’s texture, flavor, and juiciness. Feeds rich in omega-3 fatty acids can improve the sensorial quality of meat. Meat processing and methods such as aging, marinating, and cooking affect the texture, flavor, and juiciness, which can be evaluated by specific equipment or trained or untrained consumers. This comprehensive review investigates the relationship between animal feeding practices and meat processing techniques and their combined impact on meat quality and sensory perception. By synthesizing recent research, we explore how various feeding protocols (including diet composition and feed additives) and processing methods shape meat products’ nutritional value, texture, flavor profile, and overall consumer appeal. Understanding this nexus is crucial for optimizing meat quality while ensuring sustainability and safety in the food supply chain.
- Chemical, physicochemical and sensorial characterization of nitrite-free dry-cured bísaro shouldersPublication . Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Sarmiento-García, Ainhoa; Domínguez, Rubén; Santos, Eva María; Campagnol, Paulo C.B.; Rodrigues, Sandra; Lorenzo, José M.; Teixeira, AlfredoThe aim of the current experiment was to characterize and evaluate the effect of the dry-curing process on chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and sensory characteristics of the dry-cured Bísaro shoulders. For this purpose, thirty-eight raw forelegs were used, and no nitrites were added during the dry-curing process. This process increased protein, fat, ash content, and pH, with a decrease in moisture and water activity (p < 0.001). The dry-cured shoulders were darker (L*), less red (a*), and less yellow (b*) than the raw shoulders (p < 0.001), and this may be mainly due to the moisture reduction. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased during processing, whereas the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increased (p < 0.001), which could be related with the oxidative degradation. The sensory analysis showed that dry-cured Bísaro shoulders presented similar organoleptic characteristics to other dry-cured meat products. Also, the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the dry-cured Bísaro shoulder showed results comparable to those of other cured products. This study revealed that it is possible to obtain safer and healthier dry-cured Bísaro shoulder products judging by these characteristics, since nitrites were not added in its preparation. These findings, along with the product’s high sensory attributes similar to more popular products such as ham, would give more advantage for its acceptability and market demand
- A Preliminary Evaluation of Sex and Dietary Field Pea Effects on Sensory Characteristics of Dry-Cured LoinsPublication . Argemí-Armengol, Immaculada; Álvarez-Rodríguez, Javier; Tor, Marc; Salada, Laura; Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Teixeira, Alfredo; Rodrigues, SandraTwo of the main issues related to cured meat products are castration to avoid boar taint and the hefty reliance on soybean meal to feed pigs. However, data on the effects of immunocastration in pigs and alternative crop protein feeds on the sensory traits and consumers' acceptance of dry-cured loin are still limited. A preliminary study was conducted on the effect of sex type (surgical castrated male pigs and immunocastrated male and female pigs, at approximately 140 kg in weight and 7 months of age) and animal diet (pea vs. soya) on dry-cured loins. The study involved a sensory evaluation of six treatments, with a 3 x 2 factorial design, conducted by trained panellists and untrained consumers in Spain (n = 126) and Portugal (n = 80). The consumers were also checked for their skatole sensitivity using a pure substance. The results showed that the pea-based diet was significantly different (p < 0.001) from the soy-based diet, as determined by a trained panel of surgically castrated male pigs, although the immunocastration treatments were not split. Dry-cured loin from immunocastrated male pigs fed with peas was considered tenderer and juicier (p < 0.05) than those fed soya-based diets. The untrained consumer panel scored higher on the sensory traits (flavour, juiciness, and overall liking) from the loin samples of surgically castrated male pigs fed a pea diet. All consumers scored similarly in boar taint detection. This study demonstrates the applicability of the pea-based diet for the feeding of pigs destined for cured meat and highlights immunocastration as a tool that does not compromise the skatole detection score.
- Incorporating Olive By-Products in Bísaro Pig Diets: Effect on Dry-Cured Product QualityPublication . Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Lopez, Sergio; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Pinheiro, Victor; Rodrigues, Sandra; Teixeira, AlfredoThe objective of this study was to assess the impact of incorporating olive cake into the diet of indigenous Bísaro pigs on the quality of processed meat products. To this end, loins and “cachaços” were processed using a standardized manufacturing flowchart to produce dry-cured products. The two products were manufactured using the same formulation, ingredients, and curing process. Concerning the physicochemical composition, there were significant differences between the two products for the parameters of aw (p < 0.001), moisture (p < 0.001), total fat (p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001), and haem pigments (p < 0.001). The diet significantly impacted the NaCl content (p < 0.05). However, neither the product nor the diet affected the fractions of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed for n-3 (p < 0.05). Adding olive cake increased these fatty acids, and the diet containing 25% centrifuged olive cake showed the highest levels for both products. Compared with the control, the diets containing olive cake had a higher content of n-3 fatty acids, resulting in a lower PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.01).
- Sodium reduction in traditional dry-cured pork belly using glasswort powder (Salicornia herbacea) as a partial NaCl replacerPublication . Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Rodrigues, Sandra; Mateo, Javier; Munekata, Paulo E.S.; Teixeira, AlfredoSodium chloride (NaCl) is a key ingredient in the processing of traditional dry-cured meat products by improving microbial safety, sensory attributes and technological properties. However, increasing concern about the consumption of sodium and health has been supporting the development of low-sodium meat products. Several strategies to reduce sodium in dry-cured meat product have been tested, although the followed approaches sometimes result in undesirable characteristics concerning flavor, texture and mouthfeel. The use of halophytic plants such as glasswort (Salicornia herbacea) in food matrices has been suggested as a novel strategy to reduce sodium content, due its salty flavor. The main aim of the present study is to produce traditional dry-cured pork bellies from the Bísaro breed using glasswort as a NaCl partial replacer, and compare it with dry-cured bellies salted either with NaCl or a mix of NaCl + KCl. Control bellies (BC) were salted with 100% of NaCl, the second formulation (BK) had 50% of NaCl and 50% of KCl, and the third formulation (BG) had 90% of NaCl and 10% of glasswort powder (GP). After production, the bellies were evaluated for aw, pH, CIELab coordinates, weight loss, proximal composition, TBARS, collagen and chloride contents, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes. The use of BG in dry-cured pork bellies did not affect processing indicators such as weight loss, aw and pH. Concerning CIELab, only the coordinates L* and hue angle from the external surface color of BG were statistically different from BC and BK. As expected, ash and NaCl contents differed from BG to the other two formulations. SFA and indexes AI and TI were lower, whereas the MUFA and h/H ratio were higher in BG than other treatments, leading to a product with a healthier lipid profile. The sensory evaluation revealed differences in appearance, taste and flavor among treatments, but did not indicate any negative effects of BG in the product attributes. This study reinforces the potential of BG as a natural sodium reducer for the production of traditional dry-cured pork bellies
- Quality changes due to refrigerated storage in a traditional dry‐cured pork belly salted with glasswort or KCl as partial substitutes for NaClPublication . Ferreira, Iasmin; Caro, Irma; Mateo, Javier; Kasaiyan, Alireza; Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Rodrigues, Sandra; Teixeira, AlfredoGlasswort represents a novel alternative to KCl for replacing sodium in meat products. To evaluate the effects of Na reduction on the quality changes of a traditional dry cured belly due to storage, fresh bellies were dry-salted with 2% NaCl (BCON), with 2% of a mixture containing 50% NaCl and 50% KCl (BKCl) or with 1% of a mixture of 90% NaCl and 10% powdered glasswort (BGW), dry-cured, sliced, vacuum packaged and stored under refrigeration for 60 days. RESULTS: The BKCl and BGW bellies were lower in sodium by one-third to one-half compared to BCON (with 1.6 g Na/100 g). Neither BKCl, nor BGW significantly differed from BCON in free fatty acids (FFA) before and after storage, whereas BGW showed almost twice as much 2-methylbutanal content as BCON. All bellies showed microbiological stability during storage. Micrococcaceae was the most abundant microbial group with values of 105 to 106 colony-forming units g-1. The BGW presented higher Micrococcaceae counts (approximately one log unit) but lower microbial biodiversity than BCON. CONCLUSION: The two alternative dry salting methods reduced the sodium content in bellies, at the same time as ensuring chemical and microbiological stability during refrigerated vacuum storage. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
- Can the inclusion of different olive oil cakes on diet affect carcass quality of Bísaro?Publication . Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Vasconcelos, Lia; Domínguez, Rubén; Rodrigues, Sandra; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Pinheiro, Victor; Lorenzo, José M.; Teixeira, AlfredoThe present work aimed to evaluate the potential incorporation of olive by-products olive cake (crude olive cake, exhausted olive cake without and with olive oil and two-phase olive cake) in the diet of Bísaro pigs, a local breed reared in Trás-os-Montes region (northeast of Portugal) and to study its effect on the animal´s growth traits and carcass characteristics
- Produção extensiva de porcos da raça Bísara em dois sistemas alternativos: engorda com concentrado vs castanha. Resultados preliminares de características das carcaças e da carnePublication . Teixeira, Alfredo; Rodrigues, SandraA produção de porco da raça Bísara – pese embora o cada vez mais importante papel que esta representa no Norte de Portugal, principalmente nas explorações familiares do Nordeste transmontano – o conhecimento do seu sistema de exploração, do maneio alimentar, da utilização de recursos alimentares da região e sua influência na qualidade do produto final, do controle e factores que influenciam o crescimento e desenvolvimento corporal, da qualidade das carcaças e da carne produzida e logicamente as aptidões da sua carne à transformação tecnológica – é ainda incipiente. Assim, o conhecimento cabal dos sistemas de produção, nas suas diversas componentes, é de fundamental interesse, para garantir a obtenção de produtos que correspondam às exigências desde a transformação ao consumidor. Neste sentido, o principal objetivo do projeto BISIPORC foi estudar a produção de porcos da raça Bísara em regime extensivo de pastoreio e acabados em dois sistemas alternativos: Engorda e acabamento com concentrado específico; Engorda e acabamento com concentrado específico e castanha. São apresentados os primeiros resultados de características das suas carcaças, características físico- químicas e sensoriais da sua carne
- The use of ultrasonography to predict carcass composition in kidsPublication . Cadavez, Vasco; Rodrigues, Sandra; Teixeira, AlfredoThe objective of this work was to analyse the use of ultrasounds to predict carcass composition in kids. Twenty kids from Serrana Portuguese local breed with a mean live weight of 12.6 ± 2.99 kg were scanned by ultrasonography to determine longissimus muscle depth (LD), subcutaneous fat thickness (SF) between the 12th and 13th vertebrae (D12), 1st and 2nd (L1) and 3rd and 4th (L3) lumbar vertebra and breast bone tissue thickness at 1st (BT1), 2nd (BT2), 3rd (S3) and 4th (BT4) sternebrae. Lambs were slaughtered after 24-h fasting and carcasses were cooled at 4 ºC for 24 hours. Carcass left side was dissected into muscle, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat and bone and remainder (major blood vessels, ligaments, tendons, and thick connective tissue sheets) associated with some muscles. Tissues measurements plus hot carcass weight were fitted as independent variables to predict carcass composition by stepwise regression analysis. Models developed 96.7% of muscle, 64.6% of subcutaneous fat, 95.0% of intermuscular fat, and 85.0% of bone weight variation, respectively. Ultrasound measurements were admitted in the models, improving the determination coefficient (R2) and reducing the residual standard deviation. The HCW and tissues measurements taken by ultrasounds in live kids can be used to develop models to predict carcass composition at slaughter-house level.