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- A review of the use of oleogels to improve the quality of sheep and goat meat productsPublication . Teixeira, Alfredo; Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Rodrigues, SandraGlobal demand for healthy, sustainable meat is rising due to consumer preferences for nutritious options. Sheep and goat meat, valued for flavor and leanness, require innovative quality assurance, especially outside Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) labels. Oleogels, solid at room temperature but melting at body temperature, enhance meat quality by replacing saturated fats with healthier unsaturated fats, aligning with health-conscious consumer trends. They also reduce environmental impact and cardiovascular risks. Oleogels maintain meat’s mouthfeel and texture, aiding in the development of healthier, sustainable products. While gelled emulsions show promise as fat replacers, their use in sheep and goat meat is largely untapped. This review highlights oleogels’ potential in transforming these meats, focusing on formulation, functionality, and benefits, to meet consumer demands for healthier, sustainable options
- Use of olive pomace in the Bísaro breed feeding: effect on processed meat products sensory qualityPublication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Vasconcelos, Lia; Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, AlfredoThis work aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding animals with olive pomace on the sensory characteristics of Bísaro pork transformed products: dry-cured loin and neck. Five treatments were studied considering the process of obtaining the olive pomace: pressed (PoPr), centrifuged (PoCf), and extracted (PoEx and PoExOO) olive pomace, compared with the control (Ct). Animals were fed with olive pomace for 2 weeks before slaughter. In 4 different times, 2 animals per treatment were slaughtered, meaning 10 animals each time, 40 animals in total. Dry-cured loins and necks were produced in the meat manufacturing industry Bísaro Salsicharia according to traditional practices. Twenty-one appearance, odour, texture, and taste attributes were evaluated by 8 members trained taste panel. All treatments were evaluated in duplicate in each of 3 sessions. A nonparametric ANOVA was performed for related samples, with pairwise comparisons by Friedman’s test. Results showed no significant differences between treatments for all quantitative sensory attributes evaluated in the cured loins of Bísaro pork under study. In the cured neck, there was a significant influence of the treatment on the muscle/fat ratio. PoCf and PoEx had a significantly lower muscle/fat ratio, that is, more fat than muscle than Ct, and at the same time PoPr and PoExOO were not significantly different from one or the other. We can conclude that olive pomace can be used in pigs’ diets with no significant influence on their processed meat products’ sensory characteristics, adding value to an undervalued subproduct from olive oil production.
- An approach to predict chemical composition of goat Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle by Near Infrared Reflectance spectroscopyPublication . Teixeira, Alfredo; Oliveira, António Filipe Gomes de Faria; Paulos, Kátia; Leite, Ana; Marcia, Anabela; Amorim, André; Pereira, Etelvina; Silva, Severiano; Rodrigues, SandraThe ability of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the protein, moisture, connective tissue and ash content in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle of goat was studied. Samples (n=240) of the LTL muscle were taken from the 8th to 13th rib cut of goat carcasses. Samples were scanned in a FT-NIR Master™ N500 (BÜCHI) over a NIR spectral range of 4000-10,000cm < sup > -1 < /sup > with a resolution of 4cm < sup > -1 < /sup > . It was collected 3 spectra per sample and subsequently, chemical analyses were performed at the Carcass and Meat Quality Laboratory of ESA-IPB. Using NirCal 1.5 it was developed a PLS regression model assaying, first and second derivatives as math treatment and multiplicative scatter correction for minimizing scattering effect on the spectra database recorded (n=240). The best calibrations' models show relatively good predictability for protein (standard error of prediction SEP=0.43; coefficient of determination R < sup > 2 < /sup > =0.91), moisture (SEP=0.48; R < sup > 2 < /sup > =0.92). Calibrations' models obtained are important as a first attempt to predict the chemical composition of goat meat by NIRS. More experimental data are needed to improve the accuracy of these calibrations.
- Use of Black Pepper Essential Oil to Produce a Healthier Chicken PâtéPublication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Pereira, Etelvina; Seixas, Natália; Estevinho, Letícia M.; Teixeira, AlfredoThis study aims to explore the effect of using black pepper essential oil (BPEO) to produce a healthier chicken pâté. Four different formulations were produced: a control formulation without back pepper and three with increasing BPEO contents. To test the effect of using BPEO, physiochemical analyses were performed at two different moments, 8 and 21 days after production. Microbiological analyses were performed 2, 9, 16, and 23 days after production. Sensory analysis to evaluate the pleasantness of the pâtés to consumers was performed 21 days after production. Finally, total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Results show no significant physicochemical differences. Pâtés with no BPEO or black garlic were the most pleasant, but 0.3 or 0.5% of BPEO were not significantly less appreciated, while 1% of the EO caused a decrease in taste and global appreciation. The higher the BPEO content, the higher the phenol content, antioxidant (with an increase from 1.58 to 2.27 mg eq. Fe II/g of sample, in the Control at T23 and V3 at T23, respectively), and microbial activity (with total mesophiles count reduction from 5.91 to 5.21 log CFU/g sample in V3 from T9 to T16). The use of 1% of BPEO showed a significant effect on the reduction in mesophile counts for at least two weeks. These results highlight the potential for optimizing BPEO or black garlic content to ensure both consumer acceptance and enhanced functional properties. While further analysis will help pinpoint the best formulation, the current findings are a promising step towards achieving an optimal balance.
- Physicochemical composition and sensory quality of goat meat burgers. Effect of fat sourcePublication . Teixeira, Alfredo; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Pereira, Etelvina; Vasconcelos, Lia; Leite, Ana; Rodrigues, SandraSeveral strategies for producing healthier meat products have been developed. Reducing fat content, using different fat sources, modifying and improving the fatty acid profile or even replacing saturated fat with oleogels are some of the methods used. Goat meat mainly from animals out of quality brands with low commercial value can be valorized when processed, giving the opportunity to increase its consumption and acceptability. Thus, the aim of this study was to study the effect of the replacement of pork as a source of fat with an olive oleogel in burgers manufactured with goat meat and to compare the goat meat burgers with the most common commercial burgers made with beef. Two replications of the burgers were manufactured at different times, and three samples of each burger type (GOO—goat meat burgers with olive oil; GPF—goat meat burgers with pork fat) were randomly selected from each lot manufactured. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate for each physicochemical analysis. At the time, the manufactured burgers were analyzed simultaneously with the commercial burgers. The burgers with olive oil (GOO) showed higher a* and b* than the burgers with pork fat (GPF) and consequently had lower h° and C*. The ashes, protein and collagen contents of the GOO and GPF burgers were similar to those of the other goat meat products. The effect of the incorporation of oleogel on the physicochemical composition of the burgers in relation to the pork fat was expressed in the fat content, 4 and 2.78% for GOO and GPF, respectively. CH burgers have significantly higher fat content (13.45%) than GOO and GPF burgers. The replacement of pork backfat with a vegetable oleogel modified the fatty acids profile, since the GOO burgers had the highest MUFA and PUFA and the lipidic quality, defined by the IA and IT indices, was 0.38 and 0.99, respectively. Globally, goat burgers were sensorially harder and presented a more difficult chewiness than CH. The replacement of the pork back fat with oleogel significantly decreased hardness and chewiness.
- Can near-infrared spectroscopy replace a panel of tasters in sensory analysis of dry-cured bísaro loin?Publication . Vasconcelos, Lia; Dias, L.G.; Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Pereira, Etelvina; Bona, Evandro; Mateo, Javier; Rodrigues, Sandra; Teixeira, AlfredoThis study involved a comprehensive examination of sensory attributes in dry-cured Bísaro loins, including odor, androsterone, scatol, lean color, fat color, hardness, juiciness, chewiness, flavor intensity and flavor persistence. An analysis of 40 samples revealed a wide variation in these attributes, ensuring a robust margin for multivariate calibration purposes. The respective near-infrared (NIR) spectra unveiled distinct peaks associated with significant components, such as proteins, lipids and water. Support vector regression (SVR) models were methodically calibrated for all sensory attributes, with optimal results using multiplicative scattering correction pre-treatment, MinMax normalization and the radial base kernel (non-linear SVR model). This process involved partitioning the data into calibration (67%) and prediction (33%) subsets using the SPXY algorithm. The model parameters were optimized via a hybrid algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to effectively minimize the root-mean-square error (RMSECV) derived from five-fold cross-validation and ensure the attainment of optimal model performance and predictive accuracy. The predictive models exhibited acceptable results, characterized by R-squared values close to 1 (0.9616–0.9955) and low RMSE values (0.0400–0.1031). The prediction set’s relative standard deviation (RSD) remained under 5%. Comparisons with prior research revealed significant improvements in prediction accuracy, particularly when considering attributes like pig meat aroma, hardness, fat color and flavor intensity. This research underscores the potential of advanced analytical techniques to improve the precision of sensory evaluations in food quality assessment. Such advancements have the potential to benefit both the research community and the meat industry by closely aligning their practices with consumer preferences and expectations.
- Sensory Characterization and Consumer Preference Mapping of Fresh Sausages Manufactured with Goat and Sheep MeatPublication . Paulos, Kátia; Rodrigues, Sandra; Oliveira, António Filipe Gomes de Faria; Leite, Ana; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, AlfredoThe main objective of this study was the sensory characterization, by a taste and a consumers' panel, of fresh sausages from 140 culled goats and 140 culled ewes. Species and type of preparation effects were studied. All data were previously analyzed by analysis of variance. Taste panel data were analyzed by a Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA). Consumers' panel data were analyzed by Preference Mapping. The 1st 2 factors explained 88.22% of total variation in GPA. Different sausages samples were perfectly differentiated by assessors. Goat sausages have been considered harder, more fibrous, and less juicy than sheep sausages. The panelists observed that sheep sausages without paprika had greater intensity of flavor, tasted spicy, and had an off-odor, while goat sausages with paprika were considered sweeter. Consumers' panel did not show any preference for the different types of sausages. This means that all types of sausages can have market opportunity.
- Caracterização química de salsichas frescas de ovino e caprinoPublication . Eiras, C.E.; Paulos, Kátia; Leite, Ana; Pereira, Etelvina; Rodrigues, Sandra; Teixeira, AlfredoEste trabalho teve como principal objectivo a caracterização físico-química de salsichas frescas à base de carne de ovinos e caprinos, cujos animais excedem o peso e idade exigido pelo caderno de especificações das marcas de qualidade com denominações, DOP ou IGP. Neste sentido o principal objectivo do presente trabalho será demonstrar que a elaboração deste novo produto permite acrescentar valor a animais que inicialmente eram de difícil escoamento e de baixo valor comercial, vendidos a maioria das vezes como refugo.
- Utilização de bagaço de azeitona na alimentação de porcos Bísaro. Efeito nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais do músculo longissimusPublication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Vasconcelos, Lia; Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Pereira, Etelvina; Teixeira, AlfredoA indústria extrativa do azeite produz grandes quantidades de subprodutos, com elevado impacto ambiental negativo, o mais relevante é o bagaço (BG) de azeitona, que pode ser mais ou menos ecologicamente prejudicial, dependendo do tipo de extração. Dentre as alternativas para usar este subproduto e aliviar o seu impacto, existe a alimentação animal, nomeadamente de porcos. Com objetivo de verificar como a alimentação com BG de azeitona pode influenciar a qualidade da carne 40 porcos foram divididos e submetidos a 5 tratamentos diferentes. T1: dieta base (DB) e concentrado comercial; T2: DB + 10% BG prensado; T3: DB + 10% BG centrifugado; T4: DB + 10% BG extratado; T5: DB + 10% BG extratado + 1% azeite, durante a fase de engorda. Após o abate dos animais recolheu-se o músculo longissimus sobre o qual foram realizadas análises físico-químicas como aW, humidade, cinzas, gordura, proteína, pigmentos, colagénio, capacidade de retenção da água, textura, e análise sensorial, por um painel de provadores treinado, incluindo: aparência; odor; textura; e sabor. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância. Globalmente, não existiram diferenças significativas entre tratamentos para as análises realizadas. Os resultados foram similares aos obtidos em outros estudos com porcos de outras e da mesma raça. Assim, pode concluir-se que o bagaço de azeitona pode ser utilizado na alimentação de porcos não alterando as características de qualidade da carne, aproveitando um subproduto da indústria do azeite e reduzindo o impacto ambiental das indústrias extrativas
- Effect of gender, castration, and diet on sensory characteristics of pork dry cured loinsPublication . Rodrigues, Sandra; Vasconcelos, Lia; Pereira, Etelvina; Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Teixeira, Alfredo; Álvarez-Rodríguez, Javier; Argemí-Armengol, ImmaculadaThe sensory characteristics from pork dry-cured loins from immunocastrated females (F), surgically castrated males (CM), immunocastrated males (IM), fed with peas (P), or soybean meal (S) as the main dietary source of crude protein, were compared. The pigs were Duroc × Berkshire crossbreds slaughtered at 140 kg of body weight. Half loins were spiced and cured for 11 weeks (3 replicates per group). Twenty-two qualitative and quantitative appearance, odor, texture, and taste attributes were evaluated by a trained taste panel (n=8 people). All treatments were evaluated in duplicate in each of 3 sessions. Data were submitted to a non-parametric ANOVA, and pairwise comparisons were made using the Friedman test for related samples with SPSS. Results showed significant differences between fat colour from FS and IMS dry-cured loins. The highest differences were found in texture attributes, hardness, and juiciness. Gender, castration method, and feed influenced dry-cured loins hardness. CMS loins were significantly less hard than IMS and FS, and CMP. IMP loins were less hard than IMS. Juiciness was higher in IMS than IMP. About chewiness, pairwise comparisons indicated no significant differences between samples. IMP dry-cured loins were considered bitter than CMP. Only a small amount of sexual odour was detected by panellists, and no significant differences were found among the studied samples. Thus, immunocastration did not compromise the boar taint scoring and may be a good alternative to supply high quality meat products.