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- 24-Hour Ultra-Marathon Running: A Narrative Review of Performance Factors and Physiological ImpactsPublication . Knechtle, Beat; Braschler, Lorin; Weiss, Katja; Scheer, Volker; Duric, Sasa; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Chlíbková, Daniela; Rosemann, ThomasThe 24-hour ultra-marathon is a specific race format with a long tradition and high popularity. To date, no comprehensive review has systematically summarized the scientific literature on 24-hour ultra-marathon running. We performed a comprehensive search in the PubMed and Scopus databases, covering studies published until the end of 2025. The participation of runners and finishers in 24-hours has increased in the past decades. Most participants in 24-hours are age group or master runners older than 35 years. 24-hour ultra-runners typically cover distances exceeding 100 km per event, with an average distance ranging from similar to 150-160 km, while the top performers can achieve over 200 km. Men achieve greater distances than women. The best performance is achieved at 40-50 years. The most important predictive variables in 24-hours are training, nutrition, previous experience, and pacing; anthropometric characteristics seemed of no predictive value. During 24-hours, athletes ingest mainly carbohydrates and experience an energy deficit, but rarely exercise-associated hyponatremia. A 24-hour run leads to decrease in body mass, which can be due to dehydration, a loss of skeletal muscle mass, and/or a loss of fat mass. A 24-hour run has effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e., decrease in blood pressure, changes in cardiac biomarkers, and changes in electrocardiogram and echocardiographic findings), the kidneys (i.e. reversible impairment of kidney function), the digestive system (i.e., gastrointestinal discomfort, reversible increase in liver enzymes), the immune system (i.e., increase in immune markers) and the hematological system (i.e., decrease in red blood cells, increase in white blood cells). All negative effects are resolved within 2-3 days. In summary, 24-hour ultra-marathon runners are master athletes with extensive experience, optimal training preparation, and optimal nutrition to complete a 24-hour run successfully. The adverse effects on the heart, kidneys, immune system, and digestive tract generally resolve within a few days after the event. Future studies need to investigate nutrition after the race to enhance recovery and the impact of training and competing in this specific race format on the locomotor system (i.e. skeleton, muscles, tendons, joints).
- 3D Analysis of the Initial and End Positions of an Active and Passive Prone Hip Extension Test and Its Correlation with Lower Limb Isokinetic Neuromuscular Function of College Students: A Pilot StudyPublication . Lumini, José; Hedirian, Benjamin; Fonseca, Pedro; Ribeiro, Andrea; Schneider, André; Monteiro, António M.; Vilas-Boas, João PauloManual therapists routinely evaluate changes in pain, movement, and function through clinical tests that support clinical reasoning. The Prone Hip Extension Test (PHET) is commonly used as a self-perturbation task to assess lumbopelvic control and hip motion patterns related to gait. Performing the PHET actively and passively may reveal how voluntary activation and passive structures influence joint kinematics and contribute to force production. This study aimed to compare active and passive PHET execution and investigate how initial (IP) and final hip positions (FP) correlate with lower-limb neuromuscular function. Methods: Seven healthy volunteers (24.3 ± 3.4 years; 173.1 ± 7.5 cm; 72.1 ± 9.5 kg) without musculoskeletal conditions participated. Hip kinematics were recorded using a 12-camera Qualisys Oqus system (200 Hz) with 22 reflective markers, processed in Qualisys Track Manager 2.13 and exported to Visual3D. Participants performed three PHET trials in both IP and FP, with mean angles considered for analysis. Knee isokinetic performance was assessed on a Biodex System 4 at 180◦/s and 300◦/s for flexion and extension. Results: Significant differences between active and passive PHET emerged in the FP for rotational movements bilaterally (p = 0.02) and in IP adduction/abduction for both hips (right p = 0.03; left p = 0.02). No side-to-side differences were observed. Passive FP of the right hip showed multiple significant correlations with isokinetic flexion and extension parameters at 180◦/s and 300◦/s, particularly with torque/body weight, acceleration and deceleration times, and agonist/antagonist ratios (ρ ranging from −0.86 to 0.90). Conclusions: Meaningful differences exist between active and passive PHET performance, especially in frontal-plane IP and rotational FP measures. Additionally, passive FP strongly correlates with several neuromuscular variables, suggesting that PHET kinematics may reflect lower-limb isokinetic function.
- A Life Learning, Now Is Digital: fomento de la alfabetización digital entre las personas mayores y conservación de historias y recuerdosPublication . Santos, Artur Jorge; Murciano-Hueso, AliciaLas historias y recuerdos atesoran conocimiento cultural, pero su transmisión se ve amenazada con el paso del tiempo y las limitaciones de registro. El proyecto "A Life Learning, Now is Di-gital" busca preservar este legado mediante la formación digital de personas mayores institucio-nalizadas. A través de talleres, exposiciones y un libro, se capturan sus historias sobre educa-ción, familia y deporte, enriqueciendo la investigación educativa y el patrimonio cultural. Este proyecto podría beneficiase a los mayores, empoderándolos digitalmente y fomentando su inter-acción social.
- Acute Effects of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Responses to Flywheel Resistance Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover TrialPublication . Primo, Mateus Chaves; Viana, Ítalo Santiago Alves; Goulart-Silva, Leonardo Silveira; Machado, Wanderson Matheus Lopes; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Monteiro, António M.; Branquinho, Luís; Silva, Sandro Fernandes; Oliveira, Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de; Moreira, Osvaldo CostaBeetroot juice is a popular nutritional resource in sports due to its ergogenic effects, promoting vasodilation, hypotension, improved energy efficiency, and reduced oxygen cost. However, its role in modulating the autonomic nervous system during strength training remains understudied. This study assessed the effects of acute nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses to flywheel resistance exercise. Fifteen male participants (age 22 +/- 3.64 years) from the Federal University of Vi & ccedil;osa completed a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Each participant consumed either 400 mg of standardized nitrate or a placebo before performing 4 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 100% of their maximum concentric strength using a leg extension exercise, with 90 s recovery intervals. Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and subjective perception of effort were measured after each set. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23, employing the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, t-test for related samples, and MANOVA with time and supplement factors. NO3- supplementation led to a smaller increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise compared to the placebo and reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the last set, reflecting decreased peripheral vascular resistance. However, no significant effects were observed for heart rate, rate-pressure product, oxygen saturation, time under tension, or subjective perception of effort. These findings suggest that NO3- supplementation can offer cardiovascular benefits by attenuating blood pressure increases during strength training, highlighting its potential as a low-risk ergogenic aid for healthy young men.
- The Aging Curve: How Age Affects Physical Performance in Elite FootballPublication . Branquinho, Luís; França, Elias; Titton, Adriano; Barros, Luís Fernando Leite; Campos, Pedro; Marques, Felipe O.; Glória, Igor Phillip dos Santos; Caperuto, Erico Chagas; Hirota, Vinicius Barroso; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, António M.; Ferraz, Ricardo; Thomatieli-Santos, Ronaldo VagnerBackground: In elite football, understanding how age impacts players’ physical performance is essential for optimizing training, career longevity, and team management. Objectives: This study aimed to compare variations in physical capabilities of professional football players by chronological age and identify peak performance ages. Methods: Data from 5203 match performances across 351 official games were analyzed, involving 98 male players aged 18–39 years. Physical capacities (speed, explosive actions, and endurance) were assessed using the Catapult VECTOR7 system. Results: showed that players over 32 years experienced declines in high-intensity and explosive actions, while endurance remained relatively stable with age. Peak performance occurred around 25.7 years for speed, 24.8 years for endurance, and 26 years for explosiveness. Conclusions: Overall, players aged 17–26 years demonstrated the highest physical performance, with notable declines observed in older age groups.
- Agreement Between a Wristwatch and a Free Optical Sensor with a Chest Strap in Measuring HR Variations During Front Crawl SwimmingPublication . Bartolomeu, Raúl Filipe; Silva, Vasco; Pereira, Ana; Morais, Gonçalo; Sokołowski, Kamil; Strzała, Marek; Morais, J.E.; Teixeira, José EduardoWearables with optical sensors for heart rate (HR) measurement are widely available in the market. However, their accuracy in water is still underexplored. The aim of the present study was to test the agreement of two different devices for HR monitoring with a chest strap while swimming at different intensities. Twenty male and ten female subjects (mean 19.6 ± 0.7 years old, 173.3 ± 5.4 cm, and 67.1 ± 6.6 kg) performed an intermittent progressive protocol of 3 × 30 s tethered front crawl swimming followed by a 1 min rest period. A chest strap, a wristwatch, and a multi-site optical sensor placed at the temple were used simultaneously. A strong association, an excellent intra-class correlation, and a low mean bias were denoted (R2 = 0.85, ICC = 0.94, b = −1) between HRchest vs. HRtemple. Both indicators increased throughout the test, denoting an increase in accuracy from light to vigorous exercise intensity. HRchest and HRwatch showed a moderate association for the whole test (R2 = 0.23) but a weak association, a poor consistency, and a high mean bias stepwise (0.01 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.06, 0.03 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.42, −48.1 ≤ b≤ −16.1). During swimming, the HR values from the temple showed a better agreement with the chest strap than those from the wristwatch. The temple reading accuracy might be enhanced by using the device during the dryland warm-up routine.
- Analysis of thermal patterns in the knee: comparative study between athletes and sedentary individualsPublication . Araújo, Mirela dos Santos; Bernardes Leite, Luciano; Forte, Pedro; Malheiro, Alexandra; Januário, William Martins; Pussieldi, Guilherme de Azambuja; Coelho, Bruno de Cássio; Barreiros, Marta de Oliveira; Barros Filho, Allan Kardec Duailibe; Assis, Miller Gomes de; Navarro, Antônio Coppi; Rodrigues Junior, Jefferson Fernando Coelho; Oliveira, Mario Norberto Sevilio de; Cabido, Christian Emmanuel Torres; Pimenta, Eduardo Mendonça; Veneroso, Christiano EduardoInfrared thermography is a non-invasive technique that detects skin-emitted radiation, providing insights into body temperature and identifying thermal changes related to inflammatory or degenerative processes. This study aimed to compare knee temperatures between sedentary individuals and athletes and to evaluate differences between the anterior and posterior knee regions. A convenience sample included 32 men, 16 sedentary individuals (1.71 ± 0.05 m; 71.7 ± 11 kg; BMI: 24.5 ± 0.39 kg/m²) and 16 athletes (1.79 ± 0.06 m; 73.29 ± 11 kg; BMI: 22.84 ± 2.52 kg/m²). Temperature assessments were conducted using infrared thermography. The results showed that the posterior knee region consistently exhibited higher temperatures than the anterior region in sedentary individuals (p < .001) and athletes (p < .001). Sedentary individuals had lower knee temperatures compared to athletes, both in the posterior regions (right: p = .0006; left: p = .0035) and anterior (right: p < .0001; left: p = .0009). These findings highlight that physical training influences localised thermal responses, with athletes demonstrating higher average knee temperatures and a consistent temperature gradient between the posterior and anterior regions in both groups.
- Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal DimensionPublication . Alves, Miriam; Fonseca, Pedro; Fernandes, Aléxia; Brito, André V.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Vilas-Boas, João PauloThe most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction.
- Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Probiotic StrainsPublication . Caliman-Sturdza, Olga Adriana; Vaz, Josiana A.; Lupaescu, Ancuta Veronica; Lobiuc, Andrei; Bran, Codruta; Gheorghita, Roxana ElenaThis review highlights the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of probiotics and their complex health-related impacts. The main health areas targeted are gastrointestinal inflammation, neuroinflammation, systemic metabolic disorders, and liver conditions. Probiotics work mechanistically to regulate key inflammatory pathways by suppressing nuclear factor (NF-κb) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and activating antioxidant defenses through nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). They stimulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin 10 (IL-10) and inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), partly through the regulation of T cells. Probiotics also produce antioxidant metabolites (e.g., exopolysaccharides and short-chain fatty acids), which enhance the host’s resistance to oxidative stress. Supplementation with probiotics improves intestinal inflammation and oxidative injury in gut disorders. Clinical trials suggest that probiotic supplements may reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, while improving cognitive or behavioral outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, this review underscores that probiotics have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects within the gut–brain axis and across various organ systems, supporting their use as valuable adjunctive therapies for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related conditions. It further emphasizes that additional mechanistic research and controlled clinical trials are essential to translate these findings into the most effective therapeutic strategies.
- Artificial Intelligence in Sub-Elite Youth Football Players: Predicting Recovery Through Machine Learning Integration of Physical, Technical, Tactical and Maturational DataPublication . Afonso, Pedro Miguel Vaz; Forte, Pedro; Branquinho, Luís; Ferraz, Ricardo; Garrido, Nuno D.; Teixeira, José EduardoMonitoring training load and recovery is essential for performance optimization and injury prevention in youth football. However, predicting subjective recovery in preadolescent athletes remains challenging due to biological variability and the multidimensional nature of training responses. This exploratory study examined whether supervised machine learning (ML) models could predict Total Quality of Recovery (TQR) using integrated external load, internal load, anthropometric and maturational variables collected over one competitive microcycle. Forty male sub-elite U11 and U13 football players (age 10.3 +/- 0.7 years; height 1.43 +/- 0.08 m; body mass 38.6 +/- 6.2 kg; BMI 18.7 +/- 2.1 kg/m2) completed a microcycle comprising four training sessions (MD-4 to MD-1) and one official match (MD). A total of 158 performance-related variables were extracted, including external load (GPS-derived metrics), internal load (RPE and sRPE), heart rate indicators (U13 only), anthropometric and maturational measures, and tactical-cognitive indices (FUT-SAT). After preprocessing and aggregation at the player level, five supervised ML algorithms-K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB)-were trained using a 70/30 train-test split and 5-fold cross-validation to classify TQR into Low, Moderate, and High categories. Tree-based models (DT, GB) demonstrated the highest predictive performance, whereas linear and distance-based approaches (SVM, KNN) showed lower discriminative ability. Anthropometric and maturational factors emerged as the most influential predictors of TQR, with external and internal load contributing modestly. Predictive accuracy was moderate, reflecting the developmental variability characteristics of this age group. Using combined physiological, mechanical, and maturational data, these ML-based monitoring systems can simulate subjective recovery in young football players, offering potential as decision-support tools in youth sub-elite football and encouraging a more holistic and individualized approach to training and recovery management.