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Abstract(s)
Extrusion-cooking technology is a high-temperature and short-time process, necessary to cause structural, physico-chemical and nutritional changes of raw materials, forcing the material to flow under different conditions (temperature, moisture, screw speed, and feed). Rice and legumes have a great potential in the development of healthier gluten-free products than traditional snacks [1].
Rice flour (Oryza Sativa L.) has been reported as a good raw material to obtain expanded food products [1]. Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are rich in proteins, dietary fibre, complex carbohydrates (leading to low glycaemic index), minerals and numerous phytochemicals endowed with useful biological activities [2]. Carob fruit (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a tree leguminous native to the Mediterranean region. The fortification with carob fruit would provide adequate fibre content and a good amount of bioactive compounds. In previous studies, carob evidenced therapeutical properties against several diseases, such us, regulatory effect in blood glucose level, reduction in low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesteraemic patients, body weight benefits, and improved digestion, and lipid utilization [3].
In this study, novel gluten-free extruded foods (composed by rice: 50-80%, bean: 20-40%, and carob: 0-10%) were performed using a twin-screw extruded at CARTIF (Valladolid, Spain) and the effects of extrusion were evaluated regarding bioactive properties. Commercial extruded rice was used as external control. Raw materials, non-extruded, and extruded samples were extracted with ethanol/water (80:20, v:v) and purified using C18 SepPak® Vac 3 cc cartridge [4,5], in order to obtain an extract rich in bioactive compounds. The cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated following previously reported procedures [6, 7].
Carob, commercial extruded rice and most of the extruded samples, showed cytotoxicity in the majority of the tumour cell lines tested (HeLa - cervical carcinoma, HepG2 - hepatocellular carcinoma, MCF-7 - breast adenocarcinoma, and NCI-H460 - non-small cell lung cancer). While, bean, rice, and most of the non-extruded samples presented no toxicity (GI50 value >400 µg/mL) using a non-tumour porcine liver cell culture (PLP2). In general, it was observed that extrusion process improves the cytotoxic potential in the rice-legumes sample mixtures, revealing lower GI50 concentrations (ranging between 115 and 362 µg/mL). The anti-inflammatory activity revealed a high heterogeneity, presenting bean and carob samples, the highest activity in comparison to the extruded samples. Concerning the antimicrobial activity, which was tested using a panel of multi-resistant isolated clinical strains, a low potential was observed, with non-extruded and extruded samples revealing higher values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC).
In conclusion, rice-legumes flours, rice blends, beans, and carob fruits are a great alternative for the development of new gluten-free snacks products, in a market dominated mainly by cereals, due to the presence of different bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, which can give healthier benefits to the consumers.
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Citation
Arribas, C.; Pereira, Eliana; Barros, Lillian; Alves, Maria José; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Guillamón, E.; Pedrosa, M.M.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R. (2019). Healthy novel extruded gluten-free snacks based on legumes and rice: bioactivity evaluation. In Third International Legume Scociety Conference ILS3. Poznań, Polónia. ISBN 978-83-950380-1-3