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- Applications of bioactive compounds extracted from olive industry wastes: a reviewPublication . Margaça, Fernanda M.A.; Santos‐Buelga, Celestino; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Cabo Verde, Sandra; Barros, LillianThe wastes generated during the olive oil extraction process, even if presenting a negative impact for the environment, contain several bioactive compounds that have considerable health benefits. After suitable extraction and purification, these compounds can be used as food antioxidants or as active ingredients in nutraceutical and cosmetic products due to their interesting technological and pharmaceutical properties. The aim of this review, after presenting general applications of the different types of wastes generated from this industry, is to focus on the olive pomace produced by the two-phase system and to explore the challenging applications of the main individual compounds present in this waste. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleuropein aglycone, and verbascoside are the most abundant bioactive compounds present in olive pomace. Besides their antioxidant activity, these compounds also demonstrated other biological properties such as antimicrobial, anticancer, or anti-inflammatory, thus being used in formulations to produce pharmaceutical and cosmetic products or in the fortification of food. Nevertheless, it is mandatory to involve both industries and researchers to create strategies to valorize these byproducts while maintaining environmental sustainability.
- Microbial and pest contamination in nuts: Radio frequency disinfestation and controlled atmosphere preservation – A reviewPublication . Liberal, Ângela; Fernandes, Ângela; Moreira, Jorge; Fernandes, Natércia; Gonçalves, Alexandre; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianNuts are increasingly recognized for their rich nutritional profile and bioactive potential, making them a sig- nificant economic contributor globally. However, the commercialization of nuts necessitates stringent quality control measures to mitigate infestations by insect pests and microorganisms, which can lead to rapid deterio- ration both pre- and post-harvest. Contamination often arises from inadequate practices in harvesting, packaging, storage, and transportation, heightening the risk of pathogen infection and mycotoxin contamination. To address these challenges, innovative preservation techniques are essential for enhancing food safety and extending shelf- life without compromising quality. Radiofrequency (RF) technology has emerged as a promising solution in food processing, utilizing volumetric heating for effective disinfestation, pathogen pasteurization, drying, and blanching while maintaining product integrity. In contrast, Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage employs gas composition control to create low-oxygen environments that inhibit microbial growth during storage. This re- view aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nut safety and preservation by identifying key contamination sources and the microorganisms that target nuts. It will analyze the effectiveness of RF and CA technologies in preserving and decontaminating nuts. By exploring these advanced methods, this study highlights their potential to surpass conventional processes, ultimately improving nut safety and quality throughout the supply chain.
- Nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams obtained by Soxhlet and optimized microwave-assisted extractionPublication . Pinela, José; Mandim, Filipa; Heleno, Sandrina A.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barba, Francisco Jose; Berrada, Houda; Caleja, Cristina; Barros, Lillian; Fuente, Beatriz de laThe efficiency of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique on recovering nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams was evaluated and compared to Soxhlet extraction. The response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a central composite rotatable design was used to optimize time, microwave power, and solid/liquid ratio of the MAE process in terms of oil yield. The optimal MAE conditions were 14.6 min, 291.9 W, 80.1 g/L for backbones, 10.8 min, 50.0 W, 80.0 g/L for heads, and 14.3 min, 960.6 W, 99.5 g/L for viscera, which resulted in a recovery of 69% of the total lipid content for backbones and heads and 92% for viscera. The oils obtained under optimal MAE conditions showed a healthy lipid profile as well as cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antimicrobial properties. These results highlight that oils from underutilized salmon by-products could be exploited by different industrial sectors under the circular economy approach.
- Nutritional value and chemical composition of three types of Petroselinum crispum leavesPublication . Ardohain, Elizandra; Fernandes, Ângela; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Pinela, José; Moreira, Glaucia; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianPetroselinum crispum Mill. Nym., commonly known as parsley, is an aromatic herb used to garnish and to give flavour and odour to dishes and salads [1]. The most common parsley types in the Mediterranean region are Petroselinum crispum ssp. neapolitanum (plain-leafed) and Petroselinum crispum ssp. crispum (curly- and bioactive properties, such as the genotype, the irrigation regime, the planting density, the sowing date and the climate conditions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the crop diversification through the determination of the nutritional value and the chemical composition of leaves from twenty-five plain-leafed, curly-leafed and turnip-rooted parsley (Petroselinum crispum ssp. tuberosum) cultivars, cultivated in central Greece. The proximate composition was evaluated by AOAC official procedures, free sugars and tocopherols were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to a refraction index (HPLC-RI) and fluorescence (HPLC-FL) detectors, respectively. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and organic acids by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to a diode detector (UPLC-DAD) [1]. The plain and curly-leafed type contains higher amount of fat and energy than the turnip-rooted one, protein content was higher in the curly-leafed and turnip-rooted type and no significant differences were observed between the three types in terms of the carbohydrates content. The total sugars content did not differ significantly among the tested -- linolenic and linoleic acid followed by palmitic acid, while only linoleic acid content differed among the cultivar types. The curly-leafed type contains the highest amount of malic, citric and total organic acids, whereas the highest oxalic acid content was recorded in both curly-leafed and turnip-rooted type. The results of our study showed a great variability in the nutritional value parameters and the chemical composition of twenty-five parsley cultivars from three distinct types, which indicates the great potential of the valorization of the existing genotypes to increase the agrobiodiversity and introduce the turnip-rooted type in the Mediterranean region.
- Upcycling fish by-products into bioactive fish oil: the suitability of microwave-assisted extractionPublication . Pinela, José; Rodrigues, Matilde; Pires, Tânia C.S.P.; Mandim, Filipa; Almeida, André; Dias, Maria Inês; Caleja, Cristina; Barros, LillianThe seafood industry is often left out of the food waste discussion, but this sector is no exception, as it generates large amounts of various by-products. This study aimed to explore the potential of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique to obtain high-quality oil from fish by-products. The independent variables, which were time (1-30 min), microwave power (50-1000 W), and solid/liquid ratio (70-120 g/L) were combined in a 20-run experimental design coupled with the response surface methodology (RSM) for process optimization. The obtained oil yield values were fitted to a quadratic equation to build the theoretical models, which were statistically validated based on statistical criteria and used to predict the optimal MAE condition. The oil yields were significantly affected by the three independent variables through linear, quadratic, and/or interactive effects. Compared to a conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE), the optimal MAE conditions allowed between 60 and 100% of oil to be recovered in less than 19 min and with less solvent consumption. The fatty acid profiles of the oils obtained through SE and optimized MAE were characterized by gas chromatography with flame ionizing detection (GC-FID) after a derivatization process. These oils were constituted mainly of health, beneficial unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, docosahexaenoic (DHA), linoleic, and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, which were not affected (p > 0.05) by the extraction methods. Interestingly, the oils obtained through MAE showed the best microbial growth inhibition results may have been due to thermolabile compounds, preserved via this unconventional non-thermal method. The oils also exhibited anti-inflammatory effects via nitric oxide production inhibition and cytotoxic potential especially, against breast and gastric adenocarcinoma cells. However, the threshold of toxicity should be further investigated. Overall, this work emerges as a future-oriented approach to upcycling fish by-products into high-quality oils that can be used in the formulation of pet food and other products.
- Phytochemical composition and nutritional value of pot-grown turnip-rooted and plain and curly-leafed parsley cultivarsPublication . Fernandes, Ângela; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Pinela, José; Ardohain, Elizandra; Moreira, Glaucia; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianIn the present study plant growth, nutritional value and chemical composition of leaves from twenty-five plain-leafed, curly-leafed and turnip-rooted parsley cultivars were evaluated. Total fresh yield was higher for the plain-leafed cv. Rialto Bejo: 192 ± 11 g/pot, while significant differences were observed between the three types in the nutritional parameters, except for the carbohydrates content. The most abundant organic acid was malic acid (5.22–6.88 g/100 g dw), while the total sugars content did not differ significantly among the tested cultivar types. α-tocopherol was the major tocopherol detected in amount that ranged between 14.76–30.32 mg/100 g dw. The main fatty acids were α-linolenic and linoleic followed by palmitic acid, while only linoleic acid content being different among the cultivar types. In conclusion, the existing diversity in the parsley genotypes could be valorised to increase the agrobiodiversity in the broader Mediterranean region through the introduction of less cultivated curly-leafed and turnip-rooted types.
- From berry plant cropping to a cosmetic formula: sustainable upcycling of active ingredientsPublication . Plasencia, Paula; Heleno, S.A.; Garcia, Pablo; Barreiro, Filomena; Barros, LillianDue to the interest in berry fruit's antioxidant properties, its worldwide production has been increasing in the past two decades, as has its waste. Bioresidues produced by the agri-food industry are increasingly intrinsic to the world’s economy, and researchers are looking for new ways to enhance their use. Innovations are being developed to transform these residues into high-value raw materials with industrial applications, promoting the circular economy concept. Bioactive extracts from blueberry and raspberry aerial parts using green methodologies were obtained for this work. Different extraction techniques were considered and different conditions were tested to achieve optimal extraction conditions.
- Chemical and bioactive characterization of blueberry bioresiduesPublication . Plasência, Paula; Heleno, S.A.; Garcia, Pablo; Barreiro, Filomena; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianBlueberry production has increased exponentially in recent decades due to its known high nutritional characteristics, and bioresidues originating from its culture have also increased. It is critical to limit its buildup. One strategy for directing these residues is to turn them into high-value products while investigating their potential bioactivity. The goal of this study was to produce bioactive extracts from blueberry aerial parts using environmentally friendly methods. Different extracts, such as infusion, maceration, and decoction, were considered, as well as emerging extraction technologies, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, in which different conditions (potency, temperature, and solvent type) were tested to achieve optimal extraction conditions (high yields and purity). The obtained extracts were studied regarding their chemical profile through phenolic compound´s identification and quantification by HPLC-DAD-MS.
- Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) head oils recovered by microwave-assisted extraction: nutritional quality and biological propertiesPublication . Fuente, Beatriz de la; Pinela, José; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Heleno, Sandrina A.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barba, Francisco Jose; Berrada, Houda; Caleja, Cristina; Barros, LillianMicrowave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) were used to obtain oil from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) heads. The MAE technique allowed the recovery of more than 50% of the total lipid con- tent for both fish by-products in less than 11 min extraction. Based on their fatty acid composition, all fish head oils presented a healthy lipid profile and were found to be a good source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 11–14%). Different lipid quality indices also revealed their cardiovascular protective potential. Oils obtained by MAE showed higher antibacterial and antifungal effects against food pathogens than those extracted by SE. Cellular antioxidant activity (29–35% oxidation inhibition) and anti-inflammatory poten- tial via NO production inhibition (IC50 = 14–21 μg/mL) were evaluated using murine macrophages cells (RAW 264.7). The highest cytotoxic effect (GI50 = 38–46 μg/mL) of fish head oils was observed against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). These results showed that sea bass and gilthead sea bream heads could be exploited for the production of oil with nu- tritional and bioactive properties in line with circular bioeconomy concepts.
- Ethosomes: an approach for bioactive plant extract preservation envisaging cosmetic applicationsPublication . Plasencia, Paula; Santamaria-Echart, Arantzazu; Heleno, S.A.; Colucci, Giovana; Garcia, Pablo; Barros, Lillian; Barreiro, FilomenaThe present work is focused on upgrading the commercial potential of berry crop by-products by encapsulating them into liposomes to preserve their bioactivity. The extracts have been obtained with an ethanol-water mixture using ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the most promising ones were encapsulated in ethosome system. To achieve this goal, ethosomes were prepared using the cold method. Ethosomal suspensions were characterized concerning particle size distribution by laser dispersion, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy, encapsulation efficiency, and morphological analysis using optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. These results indicate that ethosomes are an appropriate method to encapsulate hydroethanolic bioactive plant bioresidue extracts and a good option to preserve them for further use in industrial applications, such as cosmetics. Future work will include optimizing the process and proof of concept by developing a cosmetic application.