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- Análise longitudinal da performance em natação pura desportiva: abordagem exploratóriaPublication . Costa, M.J.; Bragada, José A.; Marinho, D.A.; Reis, Victor M.; Silva, A.J.; Barbosa, Tiago M.O estudo teve como objectivo analisar a estabilidade da performance na prova de 400m livres ao longo da carreira desportiva. Foram analisados 45 nadadores masculinos, durante sete épocas consecutivas (desde a categoria de Infantil B até Sénior). A performance foi analisada com recurso ao melhor tempo em cada categoria na prova de 400m Livres em piscina curta. Foi efectuada a análise da estabilidade das médias, pela observação dos quartis ao longo da carreira desportiva, assim como a tendência central (média) e respectiva dispersão (um desvio-padrão). Foi ainda analisada a variação entre valores médios com recurso à ANOVA medidas repetidas e respectivo post-hoc teste (Bonferroni). Analisou-se ainda a estabilidade normativa pela auto-correlação entre as sete categorias (Pearson). Foi calculado o Kappa de Cohen (K) com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Para todos os procedimentos estatísticos foi utilizado o programa informático SPSS 13,0 à excepção do K, o qual foi calculado através do programa estatístico Longitudinal Data Analysis. Foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os valores médios de performance entre todas as categorias. Os valores de auto-correlação variaram entre o moderado e o elevado ao longo da carreira desportiva. Constata-se que na passagem de Juvenil B para A, a estabilidade torna-se elevada (>0,60). O valor de K, expressando a estabilidade ao longo de toda a carreira desportiva, é baixo (K = 0.327 ± 0,046). Em síntese, a predição do nível competitivo na categoria sénior com base na performance nas categorias de formação é reduzido. Todavia, a passagem de Juvenil B para A parece ser um momento marcante, onde a capacidade preditiva aumenta de forma acentuada.
- Establishing the changes in elite swimmers’ energetic and biomechanical profile during a winter seasonPublication . Costa, M.J.; Bragada, José A.; Mejias, J. Erik; Marinho, D.A.; Silva, A.J.; Louro, Hugo; Barbosa, Tiago M.Researchers are constantly trying to identify the factors that can predict with higher accuracy the swimming performance. This massive research has given special emphasis to the energetic and biomechanical assessments as the major determinants to enhance swimming performance (e.g. Barbosa et al., 2008).
- Stability and prediction of 100-m breaststroke performance during elite swimmers careerPublication . Costa, M.J.; Marinho, D.A.; Reis, Victor M.; Silva, A.J.; Bragada, José A.; Barbosa, Tiago M.Longitudinal performance assessment is important to help coaches defining realistic goals and training methods. The purpose of this study was to analyze the 100-m Breaststroke performance stability throughout the elite swimmer’s career, from children to adult age
- Longitudinal interventions in elite swimming: a systematic review based on energetics, biomechanics and performancePublication . Costa, M.J.; Bragada, José A.; Marinho, D.A.; Silva, A.J.; Barbosa, Tiago M.Longitudinal information requires the notion of repeated measurements throughout time. Such data is important because it allows the determination of the effectiveness of an intervention program. Research in competitive swimming has given special emphasis to energetics and biomechanics as determinant domains to improve performance. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize longitudinal evidences on the energetic, biomechanical, and performance status of elite swimmers. A computerized search was made in 6 databases, conference proceedings, and department files. The 28 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Studies' qualitative evaluation was made by 2 independent reviewers using the Quality Index. These studies were then gathered into 3 main categories according to their reported data: energetics (n = 18), biomechanics (n = 9), and performance (n = 8). The conclusions were as follows: (a) elite swimmers are able to demonstrate from slight to substantial changes in their performance and energetic and biomechanical profiles within and between seasons; (b) the magnitude of change is dependent on the characteristics of the training programs, the duration of the intervention, and subject's gender; and (c) future research should emphasize the use of more complex procedures to improve the quality of the interventions.
- Stability and prediction of 100-m breaststroke performance during the careers of elite swimmersPublication . Costa, M.J.; Marinho, D.A.; Reis, Victor M.; Silva, A.J.; Bragada, José A.; Barbosa, Tiago M.The aim of this study was to track and analyze the 100-m Breaststroke performance stability throughout elite swimmer’s career. 35 Portuguese male top-50 were analyzed for seven consecutive seasons between 12 and 18 years old. Best performances were collected from ranking tables. Longitudinal assessment was performed based on two approaches: (i) mean stability was analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA repeated measures for each season followed by a post-hoc test (Bonferroni test), (ii) normative stability was analyzed with self-correlation (Malina, 2001) and the Cohen’s Kappa tracking index (Landis and Koch, 1977). There was a 100-m Breaststroke performance enhancement from children to adult age. The overall career performance prediction was low. The change from 13 to 14 years can be a milestone, where the ability to predict the final swimmer’s performance level strongly increases.
- The effects of aerobic, resistance or combined training on metabolic syndrome clinical biomarkers: a short reviewPublication . Teixeira, José Eduardo; Bragada, José A.; Bragada, João P.; Coelho, Joana C.M.M.; Pinto, Isabel; Reis, Luís P.; Magalhães, PedroMetabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a common metabolic disorder characterized by a cluster of factors include dysglycaemia, elevated blood pressure, elevated triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and central obesity. Sedentary lifestyle and low physical activity levels increased the interrelated risk for cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. The aim of this short review was to analyse the effects of aerobic, resistance and combined training on MetS clinical biomarkers. Following the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant Englishlanguage articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The literature search was performed by seven online databases specifically Web of Science (WoS), PubMed and SCOPUS. The literature search returned 14,912 articles (WoS=2,359; PubMed=1,392 and SCOPUS=11,161); 21 full-text articles were reviewed after screening procedures. From the reviewed studies, aerobic exercise was reported in nine studies and the resistance exercise was reported in five studies. The combined training (or multicomponent exercise) was reported in seven studies. Overall exercise modes decreases the MetS clinical biomarkers, however, the aerobic training seemed to be the most efficient exercise mode. Moreover, the resistance exercise appears to have a positive effect on MetS prevention when associated with aerobic exercise. Aerobic and resistance exercises can contribute significantly to metabolic syndrome prevention and reduce the associated risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Combining exercise modes (i.e. combined or multi-component training) could be a valid strategy to control the metabolic syndrome clinical biomarkers.
- StepTest4all: improving the prediction of cardiovascular capacity assessment in young adultsPublication . Sampaio, Tatiana; Morais, J.E.; Bragada, José A.Cardiovascular capacity, expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), is a strong predictor of health and fitness and is considered a key measure of physiological function in the healthy adult population. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the physical activity levels (PAlevel) of participants in the StepTest4all (validated protocol for the estimation of VO2max in adults). The sample consisted of 69 participants, including 27 women (age 21.7 ± 3.6 years; body mass = 63.5 ± 14.8 kg; height = 1.64 ± 0.06 m; body mass index = 23.7 ± 5.3 kg/m2) and 42 men (aged 21.7 ± 3.4 years; body mass = 72.0 ± 7.3 kg; height = 1.77 ± 0.07 m; body mass index = 23.1 ± 2.1 kg/m2). The participants were assigned to one of the two groups: (i) the VO2max prediction group and (ii) the prediction model validation group. In the multiple linear regression, the following predictors of VO2max remained significant: sex (p < 0.001), physical activity level (p = 0.014), and HRR60 (p = 0.020). The prediction equation (R2 = 74.0%, SEE = 4.78) showed a close and strong relationship between the measurements and can be expressed as follows: VO2max = 17.105 + 0.260·(HRR60) + 8.563·(sex) + 4.097·(PAlevel), in which HRR60 is the magnitude of the HR decrease (bpm) in one minute immediately after stopping the step, and sex: men = 1, women = 0, and PAlevel is level 1 (low), level 2 (moderate), and level 3 (high). The StepTest4all was shown to be a suitable method for estimating cardiovascular capacity, expressed as VO2max, in young adults. Retaining PAlevel as a significant predictor allows us to better individualize the participants’ VO2max.
- Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and diabetes risk in an adult and older North-Eastern Portuguese populationPublication . Magalhães, Pedro; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Bragada, João P.; Duarte, Carlos Manuel Teixeira; Bragada, José A.The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a middle-aged north-eastern Portuguese population, (2) to analyze the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and (3) to assess the risk of T2D in this community-based sample. An exploratory, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted from a total of 6570 individuals aged 18–102 years, among which 3865 were women (57.4 18.1 years) and 2705 were men (60.0 16.8 years). T2D diagnosis, IFG, and the diabetes risk score (low to very high risk) were assessed. The prevalence of T2D in this adult and an older north-eastern Portuguese population was 17.4%. A higher prevalence of T2D was reported in men (22.2%) than in women (14.0%); however, this was without significant differences (p = 0.086). Otherwise, the prevalence of T2D was significantly different among the age groups and increased with age (p < 0.001). Regarding IFG, a higher percentage of cases was observed in men (14.1%) than in women (8.4%) (p < 0.001). The risk of developing T2D in the next 10 years showed an association with sex and age group (p < 0.001) with a small-to-moderate effect (V = 0.1–0.3). Men and the elderly had the highest percentage of cases in the moderate-to-very high-risk bands. The current research confirmed a higher prevalence of T2D, IFG, and diabetes risk than previous Portuguese epidemiological reports. The results also suggest potential prediabetes cases, which should be carefully monitored. The current research adds evidence to the worldwide trend of the increasing prevalence of T2D and intermediate hyperglycemia (i.e., prediabetes).
- Comparison of Body Mass Index (BMI), before and post COVID-19, across different age groups in the population of Northeast PortugalPublication . Bragada, José A.; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Bragada, João P.; Ferreira, Ana Sofia de Jesus; Magalhães, PedroOver the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in obesity levels, particularly developed countries. This rise primarily reflects changes in dietary patterns, the rise of sedentary lifestyles, and socioeconomic factors. The Body Mass Index (BMI) has been a widely used parameter with the intention of evaluating body fat at any age (1,2). Although it's not the most rigorous method (3), it has the advantage of being easy to calculate and having many records available. In Portugal, there has also been an increase in the prevalence of obesity and overweight in recent years (4). The pandemic period (COVID-19), which lasted approximately 2 years (2020 and 2021), led to lifestyle changes for many people, often resulting in a notable decrease in physical activity. How has this period affected the BMI of these specific population?
- Sensibility and specificity analysis for waist to height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference as a screening criterion for metabolic syndrome in an adult North East Portuguese populationPublication . Teixeira, José Eduardo; Bragada, José A.; Bragada, João P.; Coelho, Joana C.M.M.; Pinto, Isabel; Reis, Luís P.; Saldanha, Laissa de Sousa; Duarte, Carlos Manuel Teixeira; Magalhães, PedroObesity is a central component of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and a major public health concern. A harmonizing MetS definition was developed to aggregate the different criteria used by the umbrella organizations, however there is still controversy over the most sensitive and specific parameter to characterize each MetS component