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- History of persistence and diversification of grape varieties in the region of Tras-os-Montes, NE PortugalPublication . Alves, Vítor Fernando Silva Simões; Andrade, João Verdial; Barreales, David; Ribeiro, A.C.According to a physiocrat memoirist of the late eighteenth century, "... the vines to be panted should not be from a single species but from different ones ...; and will be planted more of those that are of better quality." This recommendation was intended to induce farmers to plant a number of grape varieties, as diverse as possible, but within a reasonable numerical criterion. So they would be safe from the variation of annual productivity of different varieties, since one could produce more and others little or nothing. However, this plantation and controlled choice of varieties, was not always carried out. Documentary sources report that there was "... great abuse so the choice of land, as in planting a very excessive number of different varieties." In the province of “Beira” in Lamego (NE of Portugal), there were 67 varieties of grapes, "29 white and 18 black" and in Tras-os-Montes about 30, among white and red. Thus, this implied that at the harvest time some grapes were passed, other rotten and others still without getting to its perfect state of "maturity". It is considered, therefore, that this mix is reflected in the type of wine that the same grapes were to produce and that was variable from place to place within the same region It was considered therefore that this mixture would be reflected on the type of wine that the same grapes were to produce and that was variable from place to place within the same region. Production and varied wine because the grapes were "from many varieties" which adapted better or worse, to the land where they were planted. There were vines which gave best in “hot land”, while others prefer the “cold land”. Here is a lot of varieties planted in the region in the sixteenth century: “bastardo, trincadente, agudelho, Álvaro de Sousa (Malvasia), castelão, lourelo, verdelho preto, verdelho branco, donzelinho, terrantês, abelhal, burral, samarrinho tinto, ferral, ceitão, mourisco e folgazão”. A considerable multiplicity that included wine grapes, white and red, and table grapes. According to the classical author (Palladius) "... the farmer or want to have grapes to eat, or to produce wine; in the first case should plant vines that produce large berries grapes, and hard, as are ... “the grapes “ferais” the “ceitãs”, or “moscatel de Jesus”, the “dedo de dama”, and more. In the latter case, to choose the vines that give grapes with thin skin, and tasty, and especially those to whom the flower fall very first than the other. " So, would be necessary to end the referred mixtures of varieties to "improve the goodness of the wines" and the farmers should meet the quality of the grapes to harvest the best wines. According to information from the eighteenth century, "The grapes called Alvarelhão, pé agudo preto, tinta-cão, e sousão make a strong wine, full-bodied, of good taste; the “bastardo” and Donzelinho, together in small quantities with the other varieties sweeten and soften the harshness of Alvarelhão and Sousão, and increase them the softness of the aroma. " At this time, including the Douro region, there was a strong disbelief of some varieties which would assume later a great importance, not only in the region but in rest of Portugal, and even in the world. We refer to the varieties "... tourigo, tintacastelão, tinta-borraçal and others so-called thick-red, which regularly fruit in abundance, but the wine which makes them is weak and tasteless, and consequently with less duration". The objective of this study is the identification of the varieties of the Tras-os-Montes region, carry out its local territorial delimitation, in different ages, and make progress in identifying synonyms. Subsequently, will be performed a comparability study in the use of grape varieties in the same places, between the historical data and the remaining (very) old vineyards.
- Influence of pruning system and deficit irrigation on grapevine physiology, yield and grape quality of cv. Sousão (Vitis vinifera L.) growing under Mediterranean conditionsPublication . Barreales, David; Capitão, Susana dos Anjos; Monteiro, Ângela Marina Alves; Andrade, João Verdial; Ribeiro, A.C.Different strategies are currently being sought to mitigate the effects of grapevine summer water stress. Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) is a strategy that has been successfully adapted. Also, some pruning systems have been identified as capable of influencing vine water balance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of two RDI strategies and two pruning systems on grapevine physiology, yield and grape quality of the Sousão variety grown under Mediterranean conditions. This study was conducted in an organic vineyard in northeastern Portugal (41º31´N; 7º5´W; 326 m a.s.l.), planted in 2011 with 1103 P rootstock. The pruning systems, single Cordon and single Guyot were established in 2013. In 2019, three irrigation treatments were implemented: a full irrigation control, FI (100% ETc), and two deficit irrigations treatments, RDI25 (25% ETc) and RDI50 (50% of ETc). During the growing season, grapevine water status and physiological parameters were monitored. At harvest, yield, yield components, and grape composition were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that the vines under an RDI regime presented significantly lower leaf water potential values than those under FI in both pruning systems. Therefore, the physiological performance was affected by decreasing its stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis. However, the lower physiological performance did not significantly affect yield. No significant differences were observed in total soluble solids and total acidity regarding the grape composition. However, there was an increase in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds in grapes with less irrigation.
- Climate change potential effects on grapevine bioclimatic indices: a case study for the Portuguese Demarcated Douro Region (Portugal)Publication . Blanco-Ward, Daniel; Ribeiro, A.C.; Barreales, David; Castro, João Paulo; Andrade, João Verdial; Feliciano, Manuel; Viceto, Carolina; Rocha, Alfredo; Carlos, CristinaIn this work bioclimatic parameters and indices relevant to the grapevine are estimated for the years 2000 (past-recent), 2049 (medium-term future) and 2097 (long-term future), based on high resolution (1 km x 1 km) MPI-WRF RCP 8.5 climate simulations. The selected parameters and indices are mean temperature during the grapevine period (April to October), cumulative rainfall during the grapevine period, Winker index (IW), Huglin heliothermic index (IH), night cold index (IF) and dryness index (IS). In general, a significant increase in mean temperature during the grapevine period is observed, together with a significant decrease in precipitation. The present IW is associated with the production of high quality wines; the higher values predicted for the future represent intensive production of wines of intermediate quality. The IH show the passage of a growing region of the vine considered as hot-temperate to a warm category of higher helio-thermicity. At present, IF indicates very cool conditions (associated with quality wines), while in the future there is a tendency for temperate nights. Finally, IS indicates an increase in water stress considered already high in the present climate. An assessment on the statistical significance of climatic indices, their differences between the historical and the future scenarios and the potential impact on wine production is performed. Preliminary results indicate increased climatic stress on the Douro region wine production and increased vulnerability of its vine varieties. These results will provide evidence for future strategies aimed to preserve the high-quality wines in the region and their typicality in a sustainable way.
- Effects of irrigation and collection period on grapevine leaf (Vitis vinifera L. var. Touriga Nacional): Evaluation of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant propertiesPublication . Barreales, David; Malheiro, Ricardo; Pereira, J.A.; Andrade, João Verdial; Bento, Albino; Casquero, Pedro Antonio; Ribeiro, A.C.The cultivation of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) has extended worldwide, with great economic importance. From this crop, we can obtain grapes for fresh consumption, raisins, juices, wine, and other derived products. The cultivation of grapevines also generates some byproducts, such as seeds, skins, wood and leaves. The leaves can be removed from the plant, as is common agricultural practice, to improve the production and quality of the grapes at certain periods in the crop cycle. In the present work, the phytochemical composition (total phenols content, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives and flavonols) and antioxidant potential (reducing power, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacity) of grapevine leaves from cv. Touriga Nacional were evaluated. The studied cultivar was under three severities of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI60, RDI40, and RDI20; providing 60, 40 and 20% of reference evapotranspiration, respectively) and non-irrigation (NI; exclusively rain-fed), in a vineyard located in the Demarcated Douro Region (Portugal). The leaves were collected at three different phenological stages: veraison, maturation, and grape harvest. For the first time, the interactions between different irrigation regimes and the collection period were evaluated on grapevine leaves. The results obtained for the phytochemical composition revealed that increasing irrigation reduced total phenols content, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives, and flavonols in all of the phenological stages studied. For instance, compared to that of the control treatment (NI), the total phenols content reduced 19% in RDI20 (from 189 mg GAE g−1 to 153 mg GAE g−1), 28% in RDI40 (136 mg GAE g−1), and 33% in RDI60 (127 mg GAE g−1). The antioxidant activity suffered a reduction when the irrigation amount was increased for all assays. Additionally, the antioxidant activity suffered a reduction over time, presenting higher values in veraison. For harvest sampling, the loss of antioxidant activity was more notable, with EC50 values varying between 0.092 mg mL−1 (NI) and 0.187 mg mL−1 (RDI60). Altogether, the results suggest that grapevine leaves are a potential source of natural compounds with valuable antioxidant properties that could be explored by the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries.
- Influência da rega deficitária na evolução da maturação da variedade Tinta Roriz (Vitis vinifera L.)Publication . Ribeiro, A.C.; Sá, Alexandra; Andrade, João VerdialNa Região Demarcada do Douro, e em particular na sub-região do Douro Superior, a vinha é conduzida, durante uma parte significativa do seu ciclo vegetativo, em condições de défice hídrico acentuado associadas a altas temperaturas, elevado stresse radiativo e elevado défice de pressão de vapor. As práticas culturais implementadas para minimizar as condições adversas, e em particular o regime de rega, podem alterar substancialmente a fisiologia da videira afectando a produção e a composição do bago. O principal objectivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o curso da maturação na variedade Tinta Roriz de Vitis vinífera L., através da monitorização dos principais parâmetros da maturação, quando submetida a dotações de rega moderadas.
- Importância dos inimigos associados à oliveira para azeitona de conserva no planalto mirandêsPublication . Bento, Albino; Andrade, João Verdial; Ribeiro, A.C.; Rodrigues, M.A.; Cabanas, J.E.; Pereira, J.A.Em Trás-os-Montes, a oliveira É uma das culturas mais importantes. Nesta região, a maioria da produção de azeitona e destinada à obtenção de azeite. Contudo, nos concelhos de Freixo de Espada à Cinta e Mogadouro, a quase totalidade da produção é destinada para azeitona de conserva podendo ser certificada como "Azeitona de Conserva Negrinha de Freixo" DOP.
- Efeito da rega deficitária no estado hídrico, rendimento e composição do bago da cv. Touriga Nacional (Vitis vinífera L.) cultivada em modo de produção biológicoPublication . Ribeiro, A.C.; Ferrão, Diogo; Andrade, João VerdialA rega deficitária é uma das estratégias de rega mais utilizadas na cultura da vinha. O efeito da rega deficitária no rendimento e qualidade da uva depende da severidade e do padrão do stresse hídrico que é imposto. O objectivo principal da rega deficitária na cultura da vinha é o de maximizar a qualidade da uva para a produção de vinho, sem comprometer o rendimento. A resposta da videira à rega deficitária é influenciada pelas condições climáticas, características do solo, variedade e porta-enxerto e práticas culturais. Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito de três estratégias de rega deficitária. As estratégias consistiram na aplicação de três níveis de rega calculados com base na evapotranspiração de referência diária (ETo): 20, 40 e 60% da ETo. A rega foi efectuada desde o início no pintor até à vindima. Os trabalhos de campo foram conduzidos em 2014 e 2015 numa vinha comercial, localizada na região Demarcada do Douro. O estado hídrico da videira foi avaliado através da medição do potencial hídrico foliar. A dimensão e composição do bago foram avaliadas semanalmente, durante o curso da maturação. Na vindima foi determinada a produção e a composição do mosto. Foi determinado o índice de área foliar, medido o diâmetro do tronco e pesada a lenha da poda. Ao longo da maturação, as videiras estiveram submetidas a um de stresse hídrico que variou entre o moderado e o severo. As videiras dos tratamentos regados com dotações mais elevadas (40 e 60%ETo) apresentaram os maiores valores de produtividade e vigor. Na maioria dos parâmetros relativos à composição do bago não se observaram diferenças significativas. Contudo, observou-se uma tendência para o aumento da acidez total e um decréscimo dos teores em fenóis totais e da intensidade corante nos tratamentos com maiores dotações de rega.
- Climate change impact on a wine-producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indicesPublication . Blanco-Ward, Daniel; Monteiro, Alexandra; Lopes, Myriam; Borrego, Carlos S.; Silveira, Carlos; Viceto, Carolina; Rocha, Alfredo; Ribeiro, A.C.; Andrade, João Verdial; Feliciano, Manuel; Castro, João Paulo; Barreales, David; Neto, Jorge; Carlos, Cristina; Peixoto, Carlos; Miranda, Ana IsabelClimate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the winegrowing regions of the world are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing-season temperatures (GSTs) limited to 13–21 C. This study focuses on the incidence of climate variables and indices that are relevant both for climate change assessment and for grape production, with emphasis on grapevine bioclimatic indices and extreme events (e.g., cold waves, storms, heatwaves). Dynamical downscaling of European Reanalysis-Interim and Max Planck Institute Earth System low-resolution global simulations forced with a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas emission scenario was performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro Valley of Portugal for recent-past (1986–2005) and future periods (2046–2065, 2081–2100). The number, duration and intensity of events were superimposed over critical phenological phases estimated by using a specific local grapevine varietal phenological model in order to assess their positive or negative implications for wine production in the region. An assessment of the relevance of climate parameters and indices and their progression in recent-past and future climate scenarios with regard to the potential impact on wine production was performed. Results indicate a positive relation between higher growing-season heat accumulations and greater vintage yields. A moderate incidence of very hot days (daily maximum temperature above 35 C) and drought from pre-véraison phenological conditions have a positive association with vintage ratings. However, the mid- and long-term WRF-MPI RCP8.5 future climate scenarios reveal shifts to warmer and drier conditions, with the mean GST not remaining within range for quality wine production in the long-term future climate scenario. These results indicate potential impacts that suggest a range of strategies to maintain wine production and quality in the region.
- Avaliação do stresse hídrico em videiras submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricosPublication . Ribeiro, A.C.; Sá, A.; Andrade, João VerdialNas regiões de clima mediterrânico onde as videiras são plantadas sem rega, verificam-se com frequência no Verão situações de elevado stresse hídrico para a planta. Estas surgem como consequência das baixas reservas hídricas do solo, devido às baixas precipitações estivais, elevada temperatura e elevado défice de pressão de vapor. A aplicação de diferentes regimes de rega pode alterar substancialmente a fisiologia da videira afectando desta forma a produção e a composição da uva, sendo, por isso, necessária a sua avaliação. Este estudo, enquadrado num projecto mais amplo de estudo das relações hídricas da vinha, teve como objectivo avaliar, em condições de stresse hídrico acentuado, duas metodologias indicadoras do estado hídrico de videiras submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos: o potencial hídrico foliar e a temperatura da canópia. Os resultados mostram que potencial hídrico foliar mostrou ser o método mais fiável para avaliar o estado hídrico na videira em condições de stresse hídrico severo evidenciando uma melhor correlação com os parâmetros fisiológicos. A temperatura do copado tende a aumentar com o incremento do stresse hídrico em consequência do encerramento estomático mostrando uma correlação significativa com o potencial hídrico foliar mas correlações não significativas com os parâmetros fisiológicos.
- Design and implementation of the "Valpaços Wine House" as a way to enhance the wine growing region of Trás-os-MontesPublication . Andrade, João Verdial; Alves, Vítor Fernando Silva Simões; Ribeiro, A.C.The Trás-os-Montes region is a large territory located in the extreme NE of Portugal. It is a mountainous area with a dense river network that creates deep valleys where the water flows bound for the Douro river. The orographic barrier of the Marão, Alvão, Padrela and Larouco mountains protect the region from the Atlantic Ocean influencing the Mediterranean climate with continental characteristics such as long, cold and rainy winters and short, very hot and dry summers. Granite and schist with small calcareous areas is the dominant lithology. These materials associated with the climate of the region, the relief, exposure and human activity, originated various types soil. These natural conditions promote greater adaptability of indigenous varieties and produce high quality wines, with a marked differentiation. To understand the wine, we must understand its history, its evolution, the history of the region, its uses and customs. It is also important to address informational, educational and didactic way, processes and technologies associated with vines, management practices and wine making. The main goal of the “Valpaços Wine House” project is to develop different content forms (text, images, audio and videos) for various multimedia devices of the museum (blacklight panels; showcase table, interactive timeline, multitouch table, etc.), with the aim to generate the visitors a desire of knowledge about the world of wine, and a broad look to capture the magnitude of its importance for the region. The project also aims to promote and disseminate a diachronic perspective of the vine and wine in this region, supported by resources and modern and sophisticated technologies that have the purpose to mobilize the public to participate interactively in the presentation of various contents. The project includes the musealization of all activities related to the vineyard and wine production tasks in the cellar. On the basis of this concept is the combination of the variables space and time, with support on text and images. This project is being consolidated by a multi-year research strategy covering the various contents and which is assumed by the authors as leaders of the various lines of research. This work presents the conception of contents of the museum and its role in dissemination and revelation of the history, characteristics and specificities of the wines of the region, highlighting also the archaeological and landscape heritage.