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- The Effect of Cropping System and Irrigation Regime on the Plant Growth and Biochemical Profile of Cichorium spinosumPublication . Paschoalinotto, Beatriz H.; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Liava, Vasiliki; Mandim, Filipa; Pires, Tânia C.S.P.; Añibarro-Ortega, Mikel; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, Lillian; Petropoulos, Spyridon A.This study evaluated the effects of three irrigation treatments (control (rain-fed plants), deficit irrigation (DI: 50% of maximum field capacity), full irrigation (FI: 100% of maximum field capacity)), and two crop-management treatments (with or without crop rotation with bean, CR, and NCR, respectively) on the plant growth and chemical composition of C. spinosum. The results indicated that deficit irrigation combined with crop rotation increased the weight of leaves per plant, followed by rain-fed plants for the same crop-management treatment. Additionally, these two factors significantly influenced the nutritional profile, free sugars, and organic acid content in a variable manner. Moreover, the control treatment and deficit irrigation increased the content of K, Na, and Mg, which are highly mobile nutrients, whereas the levels of moderately mobile nutrients such as Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn decreased. Deficit irrigation without crop rotation significantly increased the content of total tocopherols, followed by deficit irrigation with crop rotation and full irrigation without crop rotation. The main fatty acids were α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6), while the control and deficit irrigation treatments combined with crop rotation increased PUFA and decreased SFA content. Furthermore, deficit irrigation and crop rotation induced the accumulation of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, especially the content of the major compounds (e.g., chicoric acid, quercetin-O-hexurunoside, and luteolin-O-hexurunoside). The leaf extracts exhibited varied antioxidant activity (assessed by TBARS and OxHLIA assays), and antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, no antifungal, antiproliferative (except for AGS cell line), hepatotoxic, or anti-inflammatory effects were recorded. In conclusion, the combination of deficit irrigation and crop rotation with bean positively affected the quality traits and the fresh weight of leaves, thus suggesting that such eco-friendly practices could have beneficial effects in the cultivation of C. spinosum plants within the context of climate-change mitigation strategies.
- Crop rotation and irrigation regime affects the nutritional and chemical profile of Cichorium spinosumPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianThe sustainable management of agricultural systems offers synergistic opportunities for the co-production of agricultural and natural capital outcomes.1 A properly sized agricultural system is essential for the sustainable and ecological maintenance of crop productivity. Irrigation management is an important adaptation strategy to improve crop resilience to global climate change while crop rotation brings benefits such as increased crop yields through high soil fertility and reduced fertilizer inputs.2 Cichorium spinosum L. (spiny chicory) is a wild edible plant that has received very recent attention as a potential alternative/complementary crop. It is a plant traditionally consumed in the so-called Mediterranean diet due to its high nutritional value and various beneficial health effects.3 The study aims to improve and integrate the cultivation of this species in farming systems of the Mediterranean region. Thus, a combination of full or deficit irrigation with or without crop rotation with maize was established in an attempt to establish the commercial cultivation of spiny chicory. Two control samples were cultivated: C0 (rain-feed with crop rotation with maize) and C00 (rain-feed without crop rotation). The nutritional profile was evaluated using AOAC methods. Energy was calculated according to the equation: energy (kcal per 100 g) = 4 x (g protein + g carbohydrate) + 2 x (g total dietary fiber) + 9 x (g fat). The profile of organic acids, minerals, fatty acids and sugars were performed using UFLC-PDA, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, GC-FID and HPLC-RI, respectively. Although the impacts that a sustainable farming system generates on the crop involved is a long-term assessment and after the system has been repeated for several growing periods, however some changes are already noticeable in the first growing period. In the nutritional profile, there were no differences between the six experimental treatments, with the exception of the total dietary fiber content which samples C0 (control) and CFIC (full irrigation with crop rotation with maize) showed the highest levels. The samples presented low values of total fat, being the sample C0 the one that presented the highest value (3.5 g/100g dry weight). Promising levels of crude protein were indicated by all samples, however once again the control sample had the highest content (C00). The CFIC and CFIN samples (full irrigation with and without crop rotation, respectively) showed the lowest values of carbohydrates. The sample CDIC (deficit irrigation with crop rotation with maize) showed the highest energy (276.3 kcal/100g dry weight) probably due to the low fiber content and consequently the high carbohydrate content. Five organic acids were identified in the spiny chicory samples, mostly quinic acid, except in the CFIN sample in which oxalic acid had the highest concentration. In terms of minerals, the samples with full irrigation showed higher concentrations of iron, manganese and copper and lower calcium, while the samples without crop rotation showed lower concentrations of potassium. The predominant fatty acids identified and quantified were linolenic, linoleic, and palmitic acids, the sum of which represented 82 to 86% in the studied samples, while the sample with deficit irrigation and without crop rotation (CDIN) presented the lowest percentage. Finally, the sugars identified in higher concentrations were sucrose, glucose, fructose, and trehalose, respectively, however, it is suggested that crop rotation with maize altered the profile of sugars by increasing their concentrations. Considering that these are preliminary results, it was possible to point out positive impacts of the tested agronomic practices on nutritional parameters of the species that could be commercially applied aiming to integrate wild edible species in sustainable and low inputs farming systems.
- Exploring the impacts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) germination on the flour’s nutritional, chemical, bioactive, and technological propertiesPublication . Salvati, Diogo; Paschoalinotto, B. H.; Mandim, Filipa; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Steinmacher, Nádia Cristiane; Pereira, Carla; Dias, Maria InêsGermination is a natural, simple, and economical process used to improve the quality of nutritional and technological grains. In this study, native and sprouted sorghum flours were characterized regarding their technological properties (particle size distribution, water, and oil absorption capacity, swelling power and solubility, microscopy of starch granules, and pasting and thermal properties). Nutritional and phytochemical characterization profiles, including free sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds, were explored through chromatographic methods. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of the respective hydroethanolic extracts were also evaluated. The results showed that the germination process caused significant changes in the flour composition and properties, causing reduced gelatinization temperature and retarded starch retrogradation; an increased content of free sugars and total organic acids; and a decreased content of tocopherols and phenolic compounds. In terms of bioactivity, the sprouted sorghum flour extract showed better lipid-peroxidation-inhibition capacity and none of the extracts revealed hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity, which are important results for the validation of the use of the flours for food purposes. Germination is an efficient and alternative method for grain modification that gives improved technological properties without chemical modification or genetic engineering.
- Reinforcing the correlation between the presence of high-added value compounds with the bioactive properties of tisanes using a categorical principal component analysisPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Dias, Maria Inês; Pinela, José; Pires, Tânia C.S.; Alves, Maria José; Mocan, Andrei; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Ineu, Rafael P.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianThe chemical composition and biological properties correlation in several medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is still underexplored, especially in its most common form of consumption as tisane [1, 2]. A categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) with optimal scaling was used to explore the combined relations between the phenolic compounds present in the five tisanes in study and their bioactive activities (antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti- inflammatory). The number of plotted dimensions chosen allowed the meaningful interpretations of the results obtained, being the first two-dimensions the ones accounting for most of the total variance obtained (40.8% and 26.1%, respectively). The tisane composed by Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze, Mentha x piperita L., and Mentha spicata L. was positively correlated with the family of TF (total flavonoids), ToC (total other compounds), and TPC (total phenolic compounds) meaning that this sample present the highest concentrations, while is negatively correlated with the Minimum inhibitory concentration values obtained for the bacterial strains L. monocytogenes and E. faecalis (presenting the lowest MIC values, and for that manner the highest antibacterial activity against this strains). TPA (total phenolic acids) is strongly correlated with the tisane composed by Hypericum androsaemum L., Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, and Syzygium aromaticum L.; and moderately correlated with the tisane composed by T. citriodorus, Thymus mastichina L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill, and Gomphrena globosa L.; presenting this two samples negative correlations with the vast majority of the bioactive activities studied, which means lower IC50, GI50, and MIC values (higher bioactive potential). The results obtained by the CAPTCA, reinforce the correlation between the presence of phenolic compounds and the bioactivities presented by the tisanes, allowing the choice of the appropriate tisane depending on the intended biological activity. This knowledge could be applied in the pharmaceutical and food industry for the development of novel functional products.
- Phytochemical characterization and evaluation of the bioactive properties of tisanes prepared from aromatic and medicinal plantsPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Dias, Maria Inês; Pinela, José; Pires, Tânia C.S.; Alves, Maria José; Mocan, Andrei; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Ineu, Rafael P.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianThe antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties of different species of Medicinal and Aromatic plants (MAP) have been extensively described, being its most common form of consumption the tisane, or popularly known as herbal teas or infusions [1-3]. The present study aimed to characterize the phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS of five tisanes prepared from mixtures of MAP, as also study the bioactive properties, namely antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-diabetic activities. It was also proposed to characterize its composition in organic acids and tocopherols by HPLC coupled to a DAD and fluorescence detector, respectively. Thus, the tisane composed by lemon thyme, Shrubby St. John's Wort, cloves and cinnamon, was the most promising mixture, presenting the lowest values for the lipid peroxidation inhibition, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity against breast adenocarcinoma tumor cell line and anti-diabetic activity. In addition, it showed the highest concentration of tocopherols (γ-isoform), phenolic acids (caffeoylquinic acids derivatives) and flavan-3-ols (catechin derivatives). For the anti-hemolytic, antimicrobial (Gram-negative bacteria), and cytotoxic (cell lines HepG2, NCI H460 and HeLa) activities, the tisanes containing also lemon thyme as the major component, were highlighted as the best mixtures. Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were the most abundant phenolic compounds in all tisanes, followed by glycosylated flavanols/flavones. These results suggest that tisanes are promising sources of bioactive compounds with high added value that can be applied in several industrial fields, such as the food industry.
- The influence of lemon thyme in the phenolic composition and bioactive properties of medicinal and aromatic plants tisanesPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Dias, Maria Inês; Pinela, José; Pires, Tânia C.S.; Alves, Maria José; Mocan, Andrei; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Ineu, Rafael P.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianLemon thyme is used for cooking and normally consumed as an infusion, presenting antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potential[1]. However, the presence and importance of this specie in tisanes of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) for infusion preparation is little recognized. It is also known that mixtures of MAP show more favorable phenolic composition and bioactive properties then the individual plants[2]. For that, the present study aimed to characterize the phenolic composition by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS of three tisanes prepared from MAP mixtures containing lemon thyme, as also study their bioactive properties, namely antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and anti-diabetic activities. Thus, the tisane composed by lemon thyme, Shrubby St. John's Wort, cloves, and cinnamon, was the most promising mixture, presenting the lowest EC50, GI50, and IC50 values for theinhibition of the lipid peroxidation, anti-inflammatory/cytotoxicity against tumor cell line ofadenocarcinoma breast, and antidiabetic activity, respectively. In addition, it also showed thehighest concentration of phenolic acids (caffeoylquinic acids derivatives) and flavan-3-ols (catechin derivatives). For the anti-hemolytic and antimicrobial activities (Gram-negative bacteria), the mixture composed by lemon thyme, lavender, common thyme, and purple perennial showed the lowest IC50 and MIC (higher bioactive potential) values, respectively. Finally, the tisane containing lemon thyme, basil, peppermint, calendula, and rosemary proved to be the best mixture to inhibit the growth of the tumor cell lines HepG2, NCI H460 and HeLa The results obtained reinforce the principle of synergy between mixtures of MAP, making it possible to obtain promising sources of bioactive compounds with different phenolic profiles with high added value that can be applied in the pharmaceutical and food industry for the development of new functional products.
- Fertilization of pot-grown Cichorium spinosum L.: how it can affect plant growth, chemical profile, and bioactivities of edible parts?Publication . Polyzos, Nikolaos; Paschoalinotto, B. H.; Compocholi, Maria; Pinela, José; Heleno, Sandrina A.; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, Lillian; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.Cichorium spinosum L. is a perennial wild edible plant that is usually found near the coasts of the Mediterranean basin. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of the fertilization regime on the growth and chemical profile of pot-grown C. spinosum plants, as well as the effect of extraction protocol (aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts on bioactive properties). For this purpose, plants were fertilized via a nutrient solution that differed in the amounts (mg/L) of N:P:K, e.g., 100:100:100 (C111), 200:100:100 (C211), 200:200:200 (C222), 300:100:100 (C311), 300:200:200 (C322), and 300:300:300 (C333) mg/L of N:P:K, as well as a control treatment with no fertilizer added (C0). The fertilization regime had a beneficial effect on the growth parameters of spiny chicory, while it improved its nutritional value, as indicated by the polyunsaturated (PUFA)/saturated (SFA) ratio being higher than 0.45 and the omega-6 (n-6)/omega-3 (n-3) ratio being lower than 4.0. Seven phenolic compounds were detected, including two phenolic acids and five flavonoids, while a varied composition was recorded depending on the fertilization regime and the extraction protocol. In regards to the studied bioactive parameters, antioxidant activity was significantly affected by the applied fertilizers and the extraction protocol, while there was no significant effect on the cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity. The antimicrobial properties of C. spinosum showed varying trends depending on the bacterial strain, the fertilization regime, and the extraction protocol, whereas we recorded the extracts' weak antifungal activity against the studied fungi. In conclusion, even though the fertilization of C. spinosum plants had beneficial effects on growth and nutritional value, a significant effect of the extraction protocol on the chemical profile and bioactivities of the edible leaves was also recorded, indicating the application of tailor-made fertilization regimes combined with the most suitable extraction method for the achievement of high-quality final products.
- Estudo integrado da influência do tipo de cultivo e irrigação nas propriedades bioativas de Cichorium spinosum L.Publication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Pires, Tânia C.S.; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianCichorium spinosum L. é uma planta silvestre comestível da bacia do Mediterrâneo, também conhecida como chicória espinhosa, utilizada em receitas e bebidas tradicionais da denominada “Dieta Mediterrânica”. A procura incessante por produtos naturais benéficos para a saúde renovaram/aumentaram o interesse por espécies de plantas não tão conhecidas e consumidas pelo consumidor, devido sobretudo ao seu perfil fitoquímico e propriedades bioativas de elevado interesse [1]. A par disto, técnicas alternativas de cultivo têm vindo a ser aplicadas para obtenção deste tipo de plantas, sob o estandarte da produtividade sustentável e ecológica, como sendo a hidroponia e a rotação de culturas. Estas práticas podem potencializar a gestão racional da água, a otimização dos regimes de fertilização e, sobretudo, aumentar a adaptabilidade destas plantas silvestres a sistemas controlados de produção [2]. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou a avaliação das propriedades antioxidante (ensaio de TBARS) e antibacteriana (ensaio colorimétrico, isolados clínicos) dos extratos hidroetanólicos das folhas de C. spinosum produzidas com irrigação completa ou deficit e com ou sem rotação com uma cultura de milho (CM). Foram ainda usados dois controlos usando água da chuva para irrigação e com e sem rotação com milho. Relativamente a atividade antioxidante, os extratos com deficit de irrigação combinado com rotação com CM destacaram-se pelo potencial de inibir a peroxidação lipídica, revelando os menores valores de IC50. Não houve diferenças significativas nos extratos com irrigação completa, e os valores menos promissores foram encontrados particularmente nas amostras controlo. Em geral, as bactérias Gram-positivas demonstraram maior sensibilidade aos extratos hidroetanólicos do controlo sem rotação com CM, seguido dos extratos oriundos da produção com deficit de irrigação e sem rotação de CM. Em particular, a estirpe bacteriana de Staphylococcus aureus demonstrou ser a mais sensível de todas as estudas, nomeadamente nas amostras irrigadas com água de chuva e sem rotação com CM (Concentração mínima inibitória de 2.5 mg/mL). Nenhuma das amostras revelou capacidade bactericida. O estudo integrado permitiu observar que a combinação da irrigação com rotação de cultura de milho afeta significativamente as propriedades bioativas da chicória. Estudos complementares serão necessários para identificar os compostos responsáveis pelas bioatividades assim como otimizar a produção das plantas para obtenção de maiores teores de moléculas de alto valor agregado.
- Análise do perfil nutricional de partes comestíveis da Portulaca oleracea L. produzida pela técnica de rotação de culturasPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Compocholi, Maria; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianPortu/aca o/eracea L. (beldroega) é uma planta silvestre comestível com reconhecidas propriedades medicinais. As suas folhas e caules são popularmente consumidos preparadas como sumos, mas também em cru ou cozidas em saladas. Recentemente a beldroega foi descrita como alimento funcional, devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, o que fez despertar um grande interesse na sua produção em cultivo controlado, especialmente quando se considera a sua grande adaptabilidade como espécie a várias condições adversaslul. Considerando a importância de explorar novas fontes sustentáveis de nutrientes e compostos bioativos alinhado com a manutenção da qualidade do solo, a aplicação da técnica agrícola de rotação de culturas tem vários benefícios agronómicos, que estão já bem documentadosl3l. Com vista a obter beldroegas com maior valor nutricional e terapêutico, foi aplicada este tipo de técnica na sua produção em três pontos experimentais com rotação com uma cultura de feijão. O conteúdo em proteína bruta, lípidos totais, fibras dietéticas totais, cinzas e hidratos de carbono (por diferença) das folhas e caules foram avaliados por métodos AOAC. A energia foi calculada de acordo com a equação: energia (kcal por 100 g) = 9 x (g gordura) + 4 x (g proteína + g hidratos de carbono) + 2 x (g fibras dietéticas totais). Nos lípidos totais e proteína bruta foram observadas diferenças nutricionais significativas entre as parcelas experimentais, bem como nas folhas e caules da beldroega, sendo que as folhas revelaram as maiores quantidades. O teor de cinzas não variou entre folhas e caules da mesma parcela experimental, mas foi novamente nas folhas que se observou um maior conteúdo em fibras dietéticas totais e maior valor energético. A produção de beldroega em solo continua a ser bastante promissora, no entanto, a produção com rotação com uma cultura de feijão revelou maiores teores de fibra brutal4l. Com os resultados preliminares obtidos, o uso de técnicas de rotação de culturas permite a obtenção de beldroegas com alto valor nutricional, para além de aumentar a sua disponibilidade na indústria e, por conseguinte, para o consumidor final.
- Avaliação da influência da adubação via solução nutritiva no perfil nutricional de Scolymus hispanicus L.Publication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianIntrodução - Scolymus hispanicus L. (cardo dourado) é uma planta silvestre comestível da região do Mediterrâneo, tradicionalmente consumida pelos seus efeitos benéficos para a saúde, o que tem vindo a despertar grande interesse para a produção controlada1. Objetivos e metodologia - Avaliação do efeito da adubação, usando soluções nutritivas com diferentes rácios de azoto (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), no perfil nutricional (métodos AOAC) das folhas de S. Hispanicus, bem como no conteúdo de minerais (espectrofotometria de absorção atómica). Resultados - A amostra controlo (sem adubação) apresentou os maiores teores na maioria dos parâmetros estudados, com exceção do teor de fibras, hidratos de carbono e energia. As amostras adubadas com 300 mg/kg de azoto apresentaram os menores valores em relação aos teores de gordura, proteína bruta e fibra. A amostra adubada com 300:100:100 mg/kg de N:P:K apresentou a maior quantidade de sódio, cálcio e magnésio e o menor teor de potássio e zinco; enquanto que, a amostra controlo apresentou os maiores teores de potássio, ferro e zinco. Conclusão - Verificou-se que a concentração de N:P:K pode afetar diretamente o valor nutricional e o conteúdo mineral da planta em estudo, sendo que altas concentrações de azoto apresentaram um impacto negativo no conteúdo proteico, indicando a baixa resposta da planta para aumentar as taxas de adubação com azoto.
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