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- The Health and Physical Education Curriculum: Does It Address Muscular Fitness?Publication . Sortwell, Andrew; Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo; Granacher, Urs; Joyce, Christopher; Forte, Pedro; Marinho, D.A.; Ferraz, Ricardo; Trimble, KevinThe World Health Organization and the Australian physical activity guidelines, in line with contemporary research, recommend regular muscle-strengthening activities for optimal muscular fitness in children and adolescents. However, the extent to which muscle-strengthening or muscular fitness receives curricular emphasis is unknown in Australia. Objectives: To examine to what extent the Australian Health and Physical Education Curriculum, Foundation to Year 10 (AHPEC; F-10) addresses and/or promotes muscular fitness. Methods: This study involved a mixed-methods content analysis of the AHPEC F-10 using: (i) conceptual analysis to identify muscular fitness-related terms; and (ii) relational analysis to examine alignment between muscular fitness content and curriculum rationale/aims. A search of national and international physical activity guidelines and school-based muscular fitness intervention literature generated a keyword set to guide abstraction from the AHPEC. Curriculum aim, rationale, level descriptions, achievement standards and content were coded to determine the extent to which muscular fitness was embedded. Intercoder reliability was established via consensus meetings. Muscular fitness content coverage was quantified as the proportion of directly aligned muscular fitness relevant content points per stage and aggregated primary (F-6), secondary (7-10), and F-10 scores. Results: A review of 32 national and one international physical activity guidelines identified 88 muscular fitness activities in total, with some activities appearing in multiple guidelines; 53.1% of national guidelines did not provide explicit muscular fitness examples, and where examples existed, they emphasised accessible modes (e.g., climbing, bodyweight tasks, jumping, and lifting). Additionally, analysis of school-based muscular fitness intervention literature identified 22 distinct muscular fitness activities to guide abstraction. Muscular fitness was absent in the AHPEC rationale and aims, was largely inferred in primary years level description and achievement standards and became more explicit in secondary achievement standards. Direct alignment of content with muscular fitness was non-existent or low across stages of learning (Foundation = 0%, Stage 1 = 0%, Stage 2 = 6.1%, Stage 3 = 9.1%, Stage 4 = 8.6%, Stage 5 = 8.8%). Overall, muscular fitness content coverage averaged 3.8% in primary, 8.7% in secondary, and 5.4% across F-10. Conclusions: The AHPEC treats muscular fitness as a low priority in primary schooling and a minor content area in secondary, yielding developmental messaging that is less aligned with contemporary evidence and physical activity guidelines.
- Resilience against exercise-related coronary atherosclerosis: A case study in a master athlete participating in 500 marathonsPublication . Knechtle, Beat; Duric, Sasa; Scheer, Volker; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Chlíbková, Daniela; Leite, Luciano Bernardes; Cuk, Ivan; Forte, Pedro; Wilhelm, Matthias; Weiss, Katja; Rosemann, ThomasBackground and purpose Lifelong endurance exercise is generally associated with cardiovascular health benefits. However, recent studies suggest that prolonged high-volume training may contribute to coronary atherosclerosis, even in athletes with low traditional cardiovascular risk. This case report aims to explore the cardiovascular status of a master endurance athlete with an exceptionally high lifetime training volume, in light of recent concerns raised in the literature. Methods We present the case of a 60-year-old recreational male marathon runner with no history of cardiovascular disease, who completed over 500 marathons between the ages of 30 and 60 years, covering similar to 127 000-km running. In 2024 alone, he completed 60 marathons. Cardiovascular evaluation included clinical risk assessment and coronary computed tomography angiography (CTCA). Results The runner was asymptomatic, had a low ESC-SCORE2 (3.3%), a favorable lipid profile, and normal levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and lipoprotein (a). CTCA revealed no evidence of calcified, mixed, or non-calcified coronary plaques. Conclusions This case highlights that some master athletes may demonstrate resilience to coronary atherosclerosis despite decades of high training volume. In low-risk individuals, prolonged endurance training alone may not necessarily lead to coronary artery disease, emphasizing the need for individualized cardiovascular screening strategies.
- Intercultural citizenship in Portugal and Spain: Challenges and realitiesPublication . Pérez-Jorge, David; Mesquita, Elza; Freire-Ribeiro, Ilda; Pérez-Pérez, ItahisaThis study explores university students' perceptions and attitudes toward cultural diversity, civic participation, and intercultural interaction in Portugal and Spain. The study surveyed 232 students using a structured questionnaire on cultural identity, attitudes toward diversity, and civic behaviors. For both groups, primary sources of identity included ethnicity, gender, and nationality. Portuguese students emphasized language, while Spanish students emphasized religion, political ideology, and sexual orientation. Portuguese students demonstrated a heightened sensitivity to cultural diversity and an enhanced understanding of the importance of equitable access to public services, likely influenced by progressive national policies on inclusion and diversity. In contrast, both groups demonstrated limited knowledge of civic participation, underscoring the need for educational policies that enhance civic awareness, promote inclusion, and foster intercultural understanding. Civic participation was linked to inclusive attitudes and intercultural interactions, enabling meaningful engagement across diverse backgrounds.
- Risk Factors, Health Consequences, and Professional Work of Problematic Mobile Phone Use Among Nurses: A Systematic ReviewPublication . López-Gutiérrez, Gema; Gutiérrez-Puertas, Vanesa; Gómez-Guerrero, Blanca; Fernandes, Hélder; Mantzoukas, Stefanos; Gutiérrez-Puertas, LorenaProblematic mobile phone use is an emerging public health issue, the prevalence of which has increased amongnurses. Aim: To synthesize and describe knowledge on problematic mobile phone use by nurses, its consequences, and strategies foraddressing this phenomenon. Design: A systematic review was conducted following the checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251052591). Methods: Four electronic databases were systematically searched from their inception to September 2025. The article's referencelists were also manually searched. The study selection was carried out in three stages, with two reviewers independently analyzingthe data and resolving disagreements. The quality assessment utilized the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool, considering the criteriaestablished for each study design. Results: Sixteen studies from four online databases were selected, the majority of which were cross-sectional and descriptive. Therisk factors for problematic mobile phone use, the negative consequences for mental and physical health, and the clinical work ofnurses were highlighted, such as a combination of strategies to prevent and mitigate problematic mobile phone use in the clinicalsetting. Conclusion: The problematic mobile phone use of nurses negatively afects their mental and physical health, as well as theirperformance in the clinical setting. Implication for nursing management: The fndings of this study may inform the need for nursing managers to develop andimplement strategies to prevent and mitigate the problematic use of these devices among nurses and ensure the appropriate use ofmobile phones in the clinical setting.
- Effect of 12 weeks differential learning vs. classical learning approaches on motor skills related to shot put in healthy young adultPublication . Fadhlaoui, Hassen; Jebabli, Nidhal; Hattabi, Soukaina; Salhi, Iyed; Boughanmi, Dhaoui; Ouerghi, Nejmeddine; Forte, Pedro; Sortwell, Andrew; Ferraz, Ricardo; Branquinho, Luis; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Afonso, Pedro; Ribeiro, Joana; Malheiro, Alexandra; Rocha, Alberto; García-Perales, Ramón; Abderrahman, Abderraouf BenThe objective of this study was to compare the effect of 12-weeks of differential learning intervention vs. classical learning in the shot-put for healthy and physically active students. Methods In this study, 114 sports science students (64 males; 50 females; age 21.20 +/- 2.15 years; body mass: 67.42 +/- 12.30 kg; body height: 1.73 +/- 0.09 m; BMI: 22.61 +/- 1.20 kg.m-1) participated in this study. A total of 114 students completed the study. Students were divided into a differential learning group (DL) (n = 40), a classical learning group CL (n = 39) and a control group (CG) (n = 35). Both DL and CL groups completed a similar 12-weeks learning program with four intervention assessment: shot put test, medicine ball throw, vertical jump tests, five jump test, flexibility test and sprint test. Results The results showed that the DL and CL programs significantly improved physical performance (p < 0.05) compared to the control group, with the effect size more effective in the DL group than in the CL group after the sixth week (shot-put throw: d(DL) = 0.30), 12 week [shot-put throw: d(DL) = 0.49, d(CL) = 0.18; throw MB kneeling: d(DL) = 0.41; throw MB standing: d(DL) = 0.89; vertical and horizontal tests: d(DL) = (0.55-1.39); sprint tests: d(DL) = (0.57-0.71)] and after retention period (14(th) week) (shot put, d(DL) = 0.28; standing MB throw: d(DL) = 0.48) of learning program. Also, there was a significant improvement for 5JT (p = 0.026; d = 1.29) performances in the DL group compared to CL group 12 week after learning program. However, no significant group*time interaction was observed for the feeling scale. Conclusions Overall, the data suggests that 12-weeks of DL program was more effective and more sustainable than CL in improving technical and physical performance related to shot-put discipline.
- Perspetivas de pais sobre inclusão: Um estudo quantitativo em seis agrupamentos de escolas de PortugalPublication . Rodrigues, Hugo; Vaz, Paula Marisa FortunatoO percurso da segregação à inclusão é marcado por diferentes marcos históricos, nomeadamente pela luta dos pais em defesa dos direitos dos seus filhos. A necessidade da sua participação está presente em diversos documentos que valorizam o seu contributo em contexto escolar. Assim, desenvolveu-se uma investigação com a finalidade de conhecer perspetivas de pais de crianças/adolescentes que usufruem de medidas de suporte à aprendizagem e à inclusão, acerca da inclusão. Tendo por base uma metodologia quantitativa, e recorrendo-se ao inquérito por questionário como técnica de recolha de dados, obtiveram-se 123 respostas de pais, de seis agrupamentos de escolas do norte de Portugal. Foi possível concluir que estes pais consideram, maioritariamente, que a inclusão representa uma mudança positiva no nosso sistema educativo.
- Analysis of thermal patterns in the knee: comparative study between athletes and sedentary individualsPublication . Araújo, Mirela dos Santos; Bernardes Leite, Luciano; Forte, Pedro; Malheiro, Alexandra; Januário, William Martins; Pussieldi, Guilherme de Azambuja; Coelho, Bruno de Cássio; Barreiros, Marta de Oliveira; Barros Filho, Allan Kardec Duailibe; Assis, Miller Gomes de; Navarro, Antônio Coppi; Rodrigues Junior, Jefferson Fernando Coelho; Oliveira, Mario Norberto Sevilio de; Cabido, Christian Emmanuel Torres; Pimenta, Eduardo Mendonça; Veneroso, Christiano EduardoInfrared thermography is a non-invasive technique that detects skin-emitted radiation, providing insights into body temperature and identifying thermal changes related to inflammatory or degenerative processes. This study aimed to compare knee temperatures between sedentary individuals and athletes and to evaluate differences between the anterior and posterior knee regions. A convenience sample included 32 men, 16 sedentary individuals (1.71 ± 0.05 m; 71.7 ± 11 kg; BMI: 24.5 ± 0.39 kg/m²) and 16 athletes (1.79 ± 0.06 m; 73.29 ± 11 kg; BMI: 22.84 ± 2.52 kg/m²). Temperature assessments were conducted using infrared thermography. The results showed that the posterior knee region consistently exhibited higher temperatures than the anterior region in sedentary individuals (p < .001) and athletes (p < .001). Sedentary individuals had lower knee temperatures compared to athletes, both in the posterior regions (right: p = .0006; left: p = .0035) and anterior (right: p < .0001; left: p = .0009). These findings highlight that physical training influences localised thermal responses, with athletes demonstrating higher average knee temperatures and a consistent temperature gradient between the posterior and anterior regions in both groups.
- Sex- and nationality-based participation and performance trends in the Swissman Xtreme Triathlon (2019–2025)Publication . Leite, Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Andrade, Marilia Santos; Duric, Sasa; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Thuany, Mabliny; Weiss, Katja; Rosemann, Thomas; Knechtle, BeatBackground Participation and performance trends are well investigated for the IRONMAN triathlon. For Xtreme Triathlons (XTri World Tour) races, only one study has examined participation and performance trends for the ‘Norseman Xtreme Triathlon’ in Norway, but not for other XTri World Tour events. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate participation and performance trends in the ‘Swissman Xtreme Triathlon’ as part of the XTri World Tour. Methods Finisher data from all ‘Swissman Xtreme Triathlon’ editions (2019–2025) were analyzed. DNS, DNF, missing information, and implausible finishing times were excluded. Participation patterns were described by sex and nationality. Sex differences in race time were evaluated using Mann–Whitney U tests. Differences among the ten most represented nationalities were tested using Welch’s ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 post-hoc comparisons. Temporal changes in performance were assessed with quantile regression at the 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 quantiles (p < 0.05). Results A total of 1,032 finishers were included, of whom 13.5% were women. Switzerland had the highest participation (n = 431). Performance was similar across most nationalities, with slower times observed only among athletes from the United States compared with Switzerland (p = 0.01), Germany (p = 0.02), and Norway (p = 0.03). No sex-based differences were found in any edition (overall p = 0.4922; r = −0.02). Quantile regression revealed clear temporal changes in performance. At the median (0.50), race time increased by 715 s·year ⁻ ¹ (95% CI: 434–997; p < 0.0001), and a similar rise occurred at the 0.75 quantile (β = 727 s·year ⁻ ¹; 95% CI: 498–955; p < 0.0001). In contrast, the 0.25 quantile showed a smaller and non-significant increase (β = 345 s·year ⁻ ¹; p = 0.0626), indicating that intermediate and slower athletes were primarily responsible for the overall temporal decline. Sex-specific analyses confirmed this pattern: significant increases at the median and 0.75 quantiles for men, and a significant increase only at the median quantile for women. Conclusions Swiss athletes formed the largest portion of competitors in ‘Swissman Xtreme Triathlon’, while performance was comparable across most nationalities. Women and men performed similarly throughout all editions. Race times increased across years, particularly among intermediate and slower finishers. These findings provide an updated overview of participation and performance trends in this major XTri World Tour event. Future studies need to investigate more races of the XTri World Tour.
- Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal DimensionPublication . Alves, Miriam; Fonseca, Pedro; Fernandes, Aléxia; Brito, André V.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Vilas-Boas, João PauloThe most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction.
- Inclusion in Higher Education: An Analysis of Teaching Materials for Deaf StudentsPublication . Lima, Maria Aparecida; Garcia-Valcárcel, Ana; Meirinhos, ManuelThis study investigates the challenges of promoting accessibility for deaf teachers and students in higher education, focusing on the development of inclusive teaching materials. A qualitative case study was conducted in ten teacher training programmes at the Federal University of Alagoas (Brazil), including nine distance learning courses and one face-to-face LIBRAS programme. Analysis of the Virtual Learning Environment revealed a predominance of text-based content, with limited use of Libras videos, visual resources, or assistive technologies. The integration of Brazilian Sign Language into teaching practices was minimal, and digital translation tools were rarely used or contextually appropriate. Educators reported limited training, technical support, and institutional guidance for the creation of accessible materials. Time constraints and resource scarcity further hampered inclusive practices. The results highlight the urgent need for institutional policies, continuous teacher training, multidisciplinary support teams, and the strategic use of digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Compared with previous studies, significant progress has been made. The present study highlights the establishment of an Accessibility Centre (NAC) and an Accessibility Laboratory (LAB) at the university. These facilities are designed to support the development of policies for the inclusion of people with disabilities, including deaf students, and to assist teachers in designing educational resources, which is essential for enhancing accessibility and learning outcomes. Artificial intelligence tools—such as sign language translators including Hand Talk, VLibras, SignSpeak, Glove-Based Systems, the LIBRAS Online Dictionary, and the Spreadthesign Dictionary—can serve as valuable resources in the teaching and learning process.