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- 24-Hour Ultra-Marathon Running: A Narrative Review of Performance Factors and Physiological ImpactsPublication . Knechtle, Beat; Braschler, Lorin; Weiss, Katja; Scheer, Volker; Duric, Sasa; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Chlíbková, Daniela; Rosemann, ThomasThe 24-hour ultra-marathon is a specific race format with a long tradition and high popularity. To date, no comprehensive review has systematically summarized the scientific literature on 24-hour ultra-marathon running. We performed a comprehensive search in the PubMed and Scopus databases, covering studies published until the end of 2025. The participation of runners and finishers in 24-hours has increased in the past decades. Most participants in 24-hours are age group or master runners older than 35 years. 24-hour ultra-runners typically cover distances exceeding 100 km per event, with an average distance ranging from similar to 150-160 km, while the top performers can achieve over 200 km. Men achieve greater distances than women. The best performance is achieved at 40-50 years. The most important predictive variables in 24-hours are training, nutrition, previous experience, and pacing; anthropometric characteristics seemed of no predictive value. During 24-hours, athletes ingest mainly carbohydrates and experience an energy deficit, but rarely exercise-associated hyponatremia. A 24-hour run leads to decrease in body mass, which can be due to dehydration, a loss of skeletal muscle mass, and/or a loss of fat mass. A 24-hour run has effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e., decrease in blood pressure, changes in cardiac biomarkers, and changes in electrocardiogram and echocardiographic findings), the kidneys (i.e. reversible impairment of kidney function), the digestive system (i.e., gastrointestinal discomfort, reversible increase in liver enzymes), the immune system (i.e., increase in immune markers) and the hematological system (i.e., decrease in red blood cells, increase in white blood cells). All negative effects are resolved within 2-3 days. In summary, 24-hour ultra-marathon runners are master athletes with extensive experience, optimal training preparation, and optimal nutrition to complete a 24-hour run successfully. The adverse effects on the heart, kidneys, immune system, and digestive tract generally resolve within a few days after the event. Future studies need to investigate nutrition after the race to enhance recovery and the impact of training and competing in this specific race format on the locomotor system (i.e. skeleton, muscles, tendons, joints).
- Políticas editoriales y conceptualización del álbum ilustrado en España: un estudio de bases de concursosPublication . Larragueta, Marta; Carballal Miñán, Patricia; Sobrino-Freire, Iria; Dotras Bravo, AlexiaLa investigación analiza los premios editoriales de álbum ilustrado en España entre 2000 y 2023, examinando sus características y dinámicas mediante un análisis documental comparativo de 21 premios y 98 convocatorias. Los resultados revelan una complejidad significativa en el panorama editorial. En el ámbito lingüístico, se observó que el 47% de los premios admiten obras en múltiples lenguas, mientras un 53% restringen los envíos a una única lengua, pudiendo ser esta castellano, catalán, euskera o gallego. Respecto a los requisitos técnicos, se constató una notable homogeneización: la mayoría de los certámenes exigen obrasentre 22 y 40 páginas, y un 71% solicita maquetas. En el análisis terminológico, el término "álbum”predomina en 17 de los 21 premios y 15 ofrecen definiciones conceptuales. La investigación revela una definición nuclear basada en la complementariedad entre códigos visual y verbal, con variaciones en la jerarquización de dichos códigos entre las diferentes convocatorias y dos certámenes que únicamente piden el texto. Los hallazgos evidencian la progresiva legitimación del álbum ilustrado como formato editorial distintivoen el panorama español contemporáneo.
- The infection of liberty has reached this country”: The First Liberal Attempts in Portugal Represented by the British PressPublication . Silva, Elisabete Mendes; Couceiro, PedroThe Liberal Revolution of 24 August 1820, in Oporto, marked the beginning of a more resonant and compelling effort to change the state of political affairs in Portugal, which had been significantly encouraged by the circulation, since the last quarter of the eighteenth century, of pre-liberal ideas and the profusion of conceptions of liberty and law that tried to fight against the old tendencies of the Old Regime, redefining the political contract between the people and the sovereign, under the mechanisms of juridical and parliamentary control. This rule represented a kind of political backbone of liberalism and constitutionalism that strengthened its position, both in theory and in practice, in many European and American states.
- Interactions Between BMI and Age on Fall Risk in Older AdultsPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Monteiro, António Miguel; Forte, PedroThe aging process is typically marked by a reduction in functional fitness, which heightens the likelihood of falling. Although obesity is established as a determinant of poor mobility, the interplay between excess weight and advanced age is still a topic of research interest. Therefore, this research investigated how age, sex, and Body Mass Index (BMI) interact to influence fall risk among older adults living in the community. This cross-sectional investigation involved 815 participants (Mage = 70.45 ± 6.10 years), stratified by age (sexagenarians, septuagenarians, octogenarians) and BMI (normal weight, overweight, obesity). Fall risk was assessed using the Timed Up and Go test. A Three-Way ANOVA examined the main and interaction effects. No significant three-way interaction (p = 0.334) or main effect of sex (p = 0.079) was found. However, a significant age x BMI interaction was observed (p = 0.007). In sexagenarians and septuagenarians, obesity was associated with significantly slower fall risk performance compared to normal weight (p < 0.001). Conversely, in octogenarians, this difference was not significant (p = 1.000) with normal-weight individuals. Obesity may be a significant risk factor for falls, especially in adults aged 60 to 79 years. In octogenarians, the protective benefit of normal weight disappears, revealing a “weight paradox” likely driven by sarcopenia. Fall risk assessments and weight management strategies should be tailored to age, focusing on preserving muscle mass in octogenarians.
- Associations Between Quality of Life, Functional Fitness, Body Composition, and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional StudyPublication . Schneider, André; Mendonça, Flavio Teresinho; Amaral, Letícia; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Forte, Pedro; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Monteiro, António M.Postmenopausal aging is accompanied by declines in functional fitness, changes in body composition, and increased osteoporosis risk, which may affect quality of life. Understanding how these factors interrelate is important for supporting healthy aging. To examine the associations between accelerometer-measured physical activity, functional fitness, DEXA-derived body composition and bone parameters, and quality of life in postmenopausal women. Methods: Forty community-dwelling postmenopausal women (68.7 ± 5.7 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity was assessed using a wrist-worn accelerometer for seven days. Body composition and bone health were measured by DEXA, functional fitness by the Senior Fitness Test, and quality of life by the WHOQOL-BREF. Spearman correlations were applied. Associations were predominantly weak to moderate. Higher-intensity physical activity showed the strongest association with the Physical Health domain of quality of life (ρ ≈ 0.29). Total bone mineral density was also positively associated with perceived physical health (ρ ≈ 0.36). Adiposity was inversely related to light and lifestyle activity. Physical activity, functional fitness, body composition, and perceived physical health co-occur in postmenopausal women, supporting the relevance of promoting active lifestyles in this population.
- The Impact of Knee Braces on Plantar Pressure Distribution in Elderly Individuals: Implications for Fall Risk PreventionPublication . Lumini, José; Ribeiro, Andrea; Schneider, André; Monteiro, António M.; Sousa, JoãoFalls are a major public health concern in older adults, largely due to age-related declines in proprioception and postural control. Although knee braces are commonly prescribed to enhance joint stability and sensory feedback, their effects on plantar pressure distribution remain unclear; Thirteen community-dwelling older adults (mean age: 79.6 ± 3.2 years) participated in a repeated-measures study under three conditions: no brace, knee brace A, and knee brace B. Plantar pressure variables were assessed barefoot during quiet standing using a baropodometric platform. Conditions were compared using non-parametric Friedman tests; Significant differences were observed for left foot total surface area (p = 0.041) and left rearfoot surface area (p = 0.020). Compared with no brace, brace A increased plantar contact area, whereas brace B reduced it. No significant differences were found for pressure magnitude, load distribution, or right foot variables; Knee braces induce subtle, brace-specific and lateralized changes in plantar pressure distribution, potentially reflecting altered postural control strategies. Although limited to specific variables, these effects may be clinically relevant for fall risk assessment and individualized knee brace prescription in older adults.
- Differential Effects of Low and High Caffeine Doses on Bench Press Muscular Endurance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover StudyPublication . Saborosa, Guilherme Pereira; Leite, Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Malheiro, Alexandra; Afonso, Pedro Miguel Vaz; Arruda, Dan Holz; Costa, Sebastião Felipe Ferreira; Souza, Helton de Sá; Silva, Sandro FernandesCaffeine contributes to improvements in physical performance by enhancing muscular strength and endurance. However, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of different dosages on resistance training (RT) performance. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of different caffeine doses (i.e., 3 mg·kg−1 and 6 mg·kg−1) on the maximum number of repetitions in a muscular endurance test. The study included 11 male participants (25.7 ± 5.9 years) who completed six in-person visits. During the first visit, a 24 h dietary recall (24HDR) was administered, anthropometric measurements were assessed, and one-repetition maximum (1RM) was determined in the flat bench press (BP). The second visit (baseline; BL) included a new 24HDR, assessment of muscle thickness using portable ultrasound (pre- and post-test), and a muscular endurance test in the BP at 80% of 1RM performed until concentric failure. The four subsequent visits followed the same protocol, with the administration of caffeine or placebo capsules 60 min before testing in a randomized, double-blind manner: low-dose caffeine (3 mg·kg−1; LC), high-dose caffeine (6 mg·kg−1; HC), low-dose placebo (3 mg·kg−1; LP), and high-dose placebo (6 mg·kg−1; HP). The first three interventions were conducted with 48 h intervals, and the remaining interventions were separated by a 7-day interval. The number of repetitions and total workload (TWL) increased in all conditions compared with baseline; however, no significant differences were observed (p > 0.05). LC and HP achieved the highest repetition values (LC: 12.09 ± 3.33 reps; HP: 12.27 ± 2.72 reps). Muscle thickness was greater in all conditions in the post-test assessment, showing a significant increase (p < 0.05). Low- or high-dose caffeine supplementation appears to moderately influence responses in a muscular endurance test, suggesting that caffeine may be a potential supplement for resistance training.
- Short-Term 8-Foot up and Go Responsiveness in Institutionalized vs. Community-Dwelling Older AdultsPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, António M.This study aimed to examine the combined effects of Body Mass Index (BMI) and living setting on fall risk trajectories in older adults over a 16-week period. A total of 124 older adults were recruited from nursing homes (n = 65; Mage: 84.4 ± 7.7 years) and community settings (n = 59; Mage: 70.3 ± 3.6 years). Participants were stratified by BMI (normal weight, overweight, and obesity) and assessed for functional mobility using the 8-foot Timed Up and Go test at baseline and after 16 weeks. A 3 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures GLM using the multivariate approach (Pillai’s Trace) revealed significant main effects for time (p < 0.001) and Living Setting (p < 0.001), but not for BMI (p = 0.408). A significant time × living setting interaction (p < 0.001) indicated that institutionalized older adults demonstrated a significant reduction in 8-foot Up-and-Go completion time (~16%), whereas community-dwelling peers maintained their baseline levels. These findings suggest that the observed reduction in time reflects a test familiarization effect rather than physiological improvement. Analysis revealed that the living setting profile was strongly associated with performance, showing a more significant link to functional decline than BMI-defined weight status, as no significant differences were found across BMI categories.
- Insights on game-based learning for educating on environmental protection and sustainable developmentPublication . Carvalho, Nuno Aluai; Rodrigues, Maria José; Ribeiro, Tiago; Vasconcelos, ClaraEarth’s life-supporting system is on the verge of falling into non-Holocene-like conditions since humanity continues to have unsustainable behaviors. Humans are poorly involved in protecting the earth’s natural systems and must transform their socioeconomic and cultural practices. Education for sustainable development (ESD) can facilitate these transformations by directing change into a sustainable path. Game-based learning has emerged as a promising tool in ESD, showing effectiveness in analog and digital formats. Bibliometric analyses can reveal insights into future research on shifting human practices through education. Sample was assembled (n = 463) and analyzed using RStudio, Microsoft Excel, and statistical package for the social sciences. Results indicate that the quantity of literature is increasing exponentially (coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.940). While quality standards adopt a decreasing trend through time (β = -0.707, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.754) and correlate negatively with literature accumulation (r = -0.625, Τ = -0.487, ρ = - 0.615, p < 0.05). Multi-correspondent analysis showed conceptual gaps in the literature on ocean literacy, climate change and circular economy subtopics. Digital learning environments account for most reports (n = 311, 67.2%) compared with analog ones (n = 132, 28.5%) or hybrid (n = 20, 4.3%). Digital environments unit good evidence albeit they should not constitute the total period of training. Meanwhile, bibliometric analysis traces a comprehensive map and, at the same time, contributes to the discussion around procedures and metrics for assessing the literature.
- First Glimpses of Narrative Modernity in Lope de Vega’s Byzantine NovelPublication . Rodríguez, María FernándezAunque Cervantes es el padre indudable del relato moderno, otros autores de su época mostraron ensayos parecidos en su prosa. Un ejemplo es un breve capítulo inicial de El peregrino en su patria (1604) de Lope de Vega, que, pese a seguir el molde bizantino, introduce elementos modernos como la evolución psicológica o la atención a la realidad histórico-social inmediata de autor y lectores, demostrando así que los fenómenos literarios y culturales no nacen aislados.