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- Social media Flickr in tourism research: a content and bibliometric analysisPublication . Martins, Márcio Ribeiro; Martins, EstelaGoal: The aim of the paper is to identify the research trends on the social network Flickr usage in tourism studies, presenting and discussing Flickr contributions to Destination Management Organizations (DMO). Method: Literature review, content and bibliometric analysis using VosViewer software. Findings: The search carried out in the Scopus platform reveals a growing interest in the use of social network Flickr in tourism studies. The most productive authors, the most relevant journals and the research areas of published articles were identified. With the selected articles a content analysis was performed and the geographic scale of analysis and the methodology used were also identified. Keyword co-occurrence analysis allowed the identification of main research topics with focus on distinctive themes, such as environmental protection and protected areas, tourist destinations and 178 tourist attractions, among others. The main contributions to the DMO's were selected and analysed. The geotagged data from Flickr photographs allows to capture the movement trajectories of tourists at different scales, to model changes and trends in travel behaviour for different tourism markets, to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of tourists and the dispersion of the economic effects of tourism or to identify the places and attractions most visited or ignored by visitors.
- Exploring the potential of Flickr user–generated content for tourism research: insights from PortugalPublication . Martins, Márcio Ribeiro; Santos, ArlindoThe purpose of this research is to present and discuss the methods of identifying visitors and local population in tourism studies using geotagged photos from the Flickr social network, and differentiating them according to their country of residence. This study focuses on 1,434,268 photos taken in Portugal between 2010 and 2022 and uploaded by 31,286 Flickr users. Different approaches to cleaning the database, to distinguishing tourists from locals, and to identify their country of residence were employed and discussed. After data cleaning, the photos database corresponds to 1,144,981 photos shared by 29,890 users. Using the information provided in each user’s profile and the time zone, 12,144 users (41%) were classified as visitors and 2,659 users (9%) as locals. The monthly distribution of the percentage of photos uploaded by users classified as visitors coincides with the high season of tourist activity in Portugal. The distribution of users by country of residence coincides with the main inbound markets in Portugal: Spain, United Kingdom, France and Germany. Building on a country-wide case study, the contribution of this paper is a refined understanding of the use of Flickr usergenerated content in tourism studies, proposing a frame-work to facilitate all researchers to use this data source more frequently.
- Fostering a better spatial distribution of tourism: using geotagged photos to shape the coopetition networkPublication . Martins, Márcio Ribeiro; Augusto da Costa, Rui; Pedrosa, AndréThis study examines network coopetition strategies to promote the spatial distribution of tourists and their importance for Destination Management Organisations (DMOs). Geotagged photos from the municipality of Porto, Portugal (n = 152,312) uploaded to the Flickr social network between 2010 and 2022 were utilised, and thematic maps were produced using geographic information systems (GISs). Residents and visitors were identified and separated, employing a heuristic approach with a five-day threshold between the first and last photo of each user. The findings indicate an uneven distribution of tourists within the destination, with a notable concentration of accommodation, attractions and visitors in the historic centre. The establishment of a coopetition network could contribute to the dispersion of activity.