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- 24-Hour Ultra-Marathon Running: A Narrative Review of Performance Factors and Physiological ImpactsPublication . Knechtle, Beat; Braschler, Lorin; Weiss, Katja; Scheer, Volker; Duric, Sasa; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theo; Chlíbková, Daniela; Rosemann, ThomasThe 24-hour ultra-marathon is a specific race format with a long tradition and high popularity. To date, no comprehensive review has systematically summarized the scientific literature on 24-hour ultra-marathon running. We performed a comprehensive search in the PubMed and Scopus databases, covering studies published until the end of 2025. The participation of runners and finishers in 24-hours has increased in the past decades. Most participants in 24-hours are age group or master runners older than 35 years. 24-hour ultra-runners typically cover distances exceeding 100 km per event, with an average distance ranging from similar to 150-160 km, while the top performers can achieve over 200 km. Men achieve greater distances than women. The best performance is achieved at 40-50 years. The most important predictive variables in 24-hours are training, nutrition, previous experience, and pacing; anthropometric characteristics seemed of no predictive value. During 24-hours, athletes ingest mainly carbohydrates and experience an energy deficit, but rarely exercise-associated hyponatremia. A 24-hour run leads to decrease in body mass, which can be due to dehydration, a loss of skeletal muscle mass, and/or a loss of fat mass. A 24-hour run has effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e., decrease in blood pressure, changes in cardiac biomarkers, and changes in electrocardiogram and echocardiographic findings), the kidneys (i.e. reversible impairment of kidney function), the digestive system (i.e., gastrointestinal discomfort, reversible increase in liver enzymes), the immune system (i.e., increase in immune markers) and the hematological system (i.e., decrease in red blood cells, increase in white blood cells). All negative effects are resolved within 2-3 days. In summary, 24-hour ultra-marathon runners are master athletes with extensive experience, optimal training preparation, and optimal nutrition to complete a 24-hour run successfully. The adverse effects on the heart, kidneys, immune system, and digestive tract generally resolve within a few days after the event. Future studies need to investigate nutrition after the race to enhance recovery and the impact of training and competing in this specific race format on the locomotor system (i.e. skeleton, muscles, tendons, joints).
- Acute Effects of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Responses to Flywheel Resistance Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover TrialPublication . Primo, Mateus Chaves; Viana, Ítalo Santiago Alves; Goulart-Silva, Leonardo Silveira; Machado, Wanderson Matheus Lopes; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Monteiro, António M.; Branquinho, Luís; Silva, Sandro Fernandes; Oliveira, Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de; Moreira, Osvaldo CostaBeetroot juice is a popular nutritional resource in sports due to its ergogenic effects, promoting vasodilation, hypotension, improved energy efficiency, and reduced oxygen cost. However, its role in modulating the autonomic nervous system during strength training remains understudied. This study assessed the effects of acute nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses to flywheel resistance exercise. Fifteen male participants (age 22 +/- 3.64 years) from the Federal University of Vi & ccedil;osa completed a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Each participant consumed either 400 mg of standardized nitrate or a placebo before performing 4 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 100% of their maximum concentric strength using a leg extension exercise, with 90 s recovery intervals. Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and subjective perception of effort were measured after each set. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23, employing the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, t-test for related samples, and MANOVA with time and supplement factors. NO3- supplementation led to a smaller increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise compared to the placebo and reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the last set, reflecting decreased peripheral vascular resistance. However, no significant effects were observed for heart rate, rate-pressure product, oxygen saturation, time under tension, or subjective perception of effort. These findings suggest that NO3- supplementation can offer cardiovascular benefits by attenuating blood pressure increases during strength training, highlighting its potential as a low-risk ergogenic aid for healthy young men.
- Agreement Between a Wristwatch and a Free Optical Sensor with a Chest Strap in Measuring HR Variations During Front Crawl SwimmingPublication . Bartolomeu, Raúl Filipe; Silva, Vasco; Pereira, Ana; Morais, Gonçalo; Sokołowski, Kamil; Strzała, Marek; Morais, J.E.; Teixeira, José EduardoWearables with optical sensors for heart rate (HR) measurement are widely available in the market. However, their accuracy in water is still underexplored. The aim of the present study was to test the agreement of two different devices for HR monitoring with a chest strap while swimming at different intensities. Twenty male and ten female subjects (mean 19.6 ± 0.7 years old, 173.3 ± 5.4 cm, and 67.1 ± 6.6 kg) performed an intermittent progressive protocol of 3 × 30 s tethered front crawl swimming followed by a 1 min rest period. A chest strap, a wristwatch, and a multi-site optical sensor placed at the temple were used simultaneously. A strong association, an excellent intra-class correlation, and a low mean bias were denoted (R2 = 0.85, ICC = 0.94, b = −1) between HRchest vs. HRtemple. Both indicators increased throughout the test, denoting an increase in accuracy from light to vigorous exercise intensity. HRchest and HRwatch showed a moderate association for the whole test (R2 = 0.23) but a weak association, a poor consistency, and a high mean bias stepwise (0.01 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.06, 0.03 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.42, −48.1 ≤ b≤ −16.1). During swimming, the HR values from the temple showed a better agreement with the chest strap than those from the wristwatch. The temple reading accuracy might be enhanced by using the device during the dryland warm-up routine.
- Analysis of thermal patterns in the knee: comparative study between athletes and sedentary individualsPublication . Araújo, Mirela dos Santos; Bernardes Leite, Luciano; Forte, Pedro; Malheiro, Alexandra; Januário, William Martins; Pussieldi, Guilherme de Azambuja; Coelho, Bruno de Cássio; Barreiros, Marta de Oliveira; Barros Filho, Allan Kardec Duailibe; Assis, Miller Gomes de; Navarro, Antônio Coppi; Rodrigues Junior, Jefferson Fernando Coelho; Oliveira, Mario Norberto Sevilio de; Cabido, Christian Emmanuel Torres; Pimenta, Eduardo Mendonça; Veneroso, Christiano EduardoInfrared thermography is a non-invasive technique that detects skin-emitted radiation, providing insights into body temperature and identifying thermal changes related to inflammatory or degenerative processes. This study aimed to compare knee temperatures between sedentary individuals and athletes and to evaluate differences between the anterior and posterior knee regions. A convenience sample included 32 men, 16 sedentary individuals (1.71 ± 0.05 m; 71.7 ± 11 kg; BMI: 24.5 ± 0.39 kg/m²) and 16 athletes (1.79 ± 0.06 m; 73.29 ± 11 kg; BMI: 22.84 ± 2.52 kg/m²). Temperature assessments were conducted using infrared thermography. The results showed that the posterior knee region consistently exhibited higher temperatures than the anterior region in sedentary individuals (p < .001) and athletes (p < .001). Sedentary individuals had lower knee temperatures compared to athletes, both in the posterior regions (right: p = .0006; left: p = .0035) and anterior (right: p < .0001; left: p = .0009). These findings highlight that physical training influences localised thermal responses, with athletes demonstrating higher average knee temperatures and a consistent temperature gradient between the posterior and anterior regions in both groups.
- Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal DimensionPublication . Alves, Miriam; Fonseca, Pedro; Fernandes, Aléxia; Brito, André V.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Vilas-Boas, João PauloThe most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction.
- Associations Between Hydration, Sodium Intake, and Body Mass in Ultra-Endurance Trail Runners Under Ecological Race Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Field StudyPublication . Amorim, Rafael Mendes; Guilherme, Larissa Quintão; Filgueiras, Mariana de Santis; Saborosa, Guilherme Pereira; Pires, Gabrielle Ferreira; Neumann, Nathan de Oliveira; Scheer, Volker; Leite, Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Malheiro, Alexandra; Quaresma, Marcus Vinicius Lucio dos Santos; Souza, Helton de Sá; Kravchychyn, Ana Claudia PelissariHydration and electrolyte strategies are critical in mountain ultra-endurance events, yet field-based evidence from trail races remains limited. This study examined the relationship between fluid intake, sodium consumption, and body mass changes in trail runners competing under real environmental conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional field study was conducted during La Misi & oacute;n Brasil 2024. Athletes of both sexes competing in the endurance race (35 km; EG: n = 15; age = 37.0 [29.5-46.0] years; 12 men and 3 women) and the ultra-endurance race (80 km; UEG: n = 13; age = 42.0 [37.0-46.0] years; 11 men and 2 women) were included in the study. Pre- and post-race body mass were assessed, and in-race fluid and food intake were collected using an adapted 24-h dietary recall. Water and sodium intake were expressed as total (L and mg, respectively) and per-hour (mL/h and mg/h, respectively) values. Environmental temperature and humidity were obtained from a local weather station. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and associations were examined with Spearman's correlation (p < 0.05). Results: EG (n = 15) and UEG (n = 13) showed similar absolute and relative body mass changes (2.6% to -3.0%; p > 0.05). EG runners presented greater weight loss rate (-270 vs. -115 g/h; p = 0.002), while UEG consumed higher total water (7.11 vs. 4.14 L; p = 0.008) and sodium (5789 vs. 2857 mg; p = 0.003). Water intake per hour was higher in EG (626 vs. 427 mL/h; p = 0.017). Body Mass Index was negatively correlated with hourly weight loss (r = -0.605; p < 0.001). Water and sodium intake per hour were positively correlated (r = 0.607; p < 0.001), though neither predicted hourly weight loss. Conclusions: Hydration responses may differ according to environmental stress and pacing demands. Changes in body mass may not necessarily reflect hydration adequacy, suggesting a possible multifactorial nature of hydroelectrolyte balance during mountain endurance events.
- Associations Between Pain Intensity and Inflammatory Profile in Women with Android and Gynoid Obesity Diagnosed with Chronic Pain: An Observational StudyPublication . Cota, Cecília Cristina; Miranda-Castro, Stefani; Souza-Gomes, Antônio Felipe; Leite, Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, António M.; Pereira, William Valadares Campos; Moura, Samara Silva; Nunes-Silva, AlbenáThere are different types of obesity, and the metabolic conditions associated with these phenotypes are also heterogeneous. Overweight and obesity are not only associated with pain but are also identified as risk factors for the development of pain. Objective: This study aimed to compare the levels of inflammatory biomarkers, counting of immune cells, and chronic pain between android and gynoid female patients with obesity. Method: Thirty (n = 30) women took part in this study (18 androids, age: 50.61 +/- 9.41 and 12 gynoids, age: 50.67 +/- 9.45). The participants underwent anamnesis, Visual Numeric Scale (VNS), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood sampling for the analysis of leukocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)-6. Results: The number of total leukocytes in the blood was not different when comparing the android group (6045 mu L) with the gynoid group (5230 mu L). No differences were observed for neutrophils (3440 mu L in android and 3017 mu L in gynoid), lymphocytes (2208 mu L in android and 2115 mu L in gynoid), for monocytes (429.7 mu L in android and 392.8 mu L in gynoid), and basophils (17.27 mu L in android and 15.41 mu L in gynoid). However, there was a significant difference between the number of eosinophils when comparing the android group (137.6 mu L) with the gynoid group (204.9 mu L), p = 0.04. Although both groups presented CRP values above 0.3 mg/dL-indicative of low-grade inflammation-no statistically significant difference was observed. Similarly, no difference was found in pain intensity between groups, as measured by the Visual Numeric Scale (VNS). Conclusions: Although most inflammatory and pain markers did not differ between groups, the higher eosinophil count in the gynoid phenotype suggests immunological distinctions between obesity types. These findings underline the importance of considering body fat distribution in clinical assessments of inflammation and chronic pain in women with obesity.
- Behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire and sport motivation scale-II: a scale comparisonPublication . Bica, Joana; Jacinto, Miguel; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, DiogoThis study compared the psychometric properties of two primary instruments for assessing sport motivation based on Self-Determination Theory: the Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) and the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ). A cross-sectional analysis evaluated the scales' internal consistency, factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and model fit, which required post-hoc modifications. Measurement invariance and adherence to the theoretical simplex pattern were also tested. The BRSQ demonstrated generally acceptable reliability, while the SMS-II showed deficiencies in its introjected, external, and amotivation subscales. Both scales faced validity challenges in distinguishing adjacent motivational constructs. Although measurement invariance was supported, correlations deviated from the theoretical quasi-simplex pattern. The BRSQ appears more robust, but neither scale is flawless. Researchers must select instruments aligned with their specific objectives and interpret scores cautiously due to these psychometric limitations. This underscores the need for refined tools to better capture the dynamic complexity of motivation in sports.
- Challenges and potential in implementing STE(A)M in teachers’ practices: a systematic reviewPublication . Teixeira, Patrícia Bértolo ; Rocha, Helena A.; Martins, CristinaThe potential of STE(A)M has been widely recognised in recent years; however, challenges have also been identified in the implementation of this approach, making it important to deepen research into teachers’ practices. In this study, we conducted a systematic review focused on teaching practices within a STE(A)M approach, to understand what challenges and limitations teachers encounter, as well as the possibilities authors suggest to overcome them. The research question is: What are the challenges and potentialities of implementing the STE(A)M approach in teachers’ practices? This review analysed articles indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases over the last eight years, following the PRISMA scheme. The 26 articles examined highlight challenges such as time management, lack of resources and funding, limited guidance, gaps in teacher training, difficulty integrating subject areas, issues implementing new technologies and obstacles imposed by school structures. In light of these, the following proposals were suggested: placing greater emphasis on STE(A)M in initial and continuing teacher education, increasing support from schools and government bodies, encouraging collaborative work between teachers from different areas, adopting innovative strategies and methodologies and offering a clearer conceptualisation of STE(A)M.
- Characterization and Comparison of Athletic Performance and Change of Direction Deficit Across Youth Futsal Age GroupsPublication . Oliveira, João P.; Marinho, D.A.; Sampaio, Tatiana; Carvalho, Sílvio; Martins, Hugo; Morais, J.E.Futsal players need peak strength, functional capacity, speed, and explosive lower-limb power for optimal performance. The aim of this study was to (i) characterize and compare anthropometric characteristics, lower limb strength/power, dynamic balance, linear sprint speed, COD performance, and COD deficit across young futsal age groups and (ii) identify key predictors of COD deficit. Methods: Thirty-three male futsal players from three age groups (U13, U15, and U17) were tested. Results: All anthropometric variables showed significant group effects with moderate to strong effect sizes, where U17 presented the largest values, followed by U15 and U13. Strength and power variables presented the same trend. The dynamic balance differed significantly across groups. Significant differences between groups with moderate effect sizes were noted in linear sprints (F = 19.54, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.57), zigzag (F = 19.54, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.35), and COD deficit (F = 19.54, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.46). Post hoc tests revealed that U13 and U15 outperformed U17 in the COD deficit (p < 0.002). The COD deficit showed a quadratic relationship with age, initially improving but later declining in older players (p < 0.001). The body mass and the posteromedial relative difference predicted the COD deficit, with the coefficient of determination (R2) explaining 39% of the COD variance. Conclusions: Coaches and practitioners should utilize COD drills to target various movement patterns and account for pubertal timing, as growth can impact performance