Browsing by Author "Pinheiro, Victor"
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- Can the inclusion of different olive oil cakes on diet affect carcass quality of Bísaro?Publication . Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Vasconcelos, Lia; Domínguez, Rubén; Rodrigues, Sandra; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Pinheiro, Victor; Lorenzo, José M.; Teixeira, AlfredoThe present work aimed to evaluate the potential incorporation of olive by-products olive cake (crude olive cake, exhausted olive cake without and with olive oil and two-phase olive cake) in the diet of Bísaro pigs, a local breed reared in Trás-os-Montes region (northeast of Portugal) and to study its effect on the animal´s growth traits and carcass characteristics. The experiment was carried out on 40 Bísaro pigs selected from animals delivered for slaughter to Bragança-Portugal. Five different treatments with different olive cakes (T1 – basal diet; T2 – 10% crude olive oil; T3 – 10% olive cake two phases, T4 – 10% exhausted olive cake; and T5 – 10% exhausted olive cake + 1% olive oil) were. Body weight, pH (1 and 24 hours after slaughter) and carcass weight were similar in all treatments and no significant differences were observed. No significant differences were found between the treatments for the carcass measurements performed, except for the longissimus dorsi length at seventh rib (P<0.05) varying between 75.9 (T3) and 87.3 (T5) mm and fat depth measured at the last rib (P3 measurement) varying between 91.1 (T5) and 99.2 (T4) (P<0.05). The data provide the definition of a standard carcass for the breed and this ratio of body weight. Results indicate that this oil by-product can be used to feeding Bísaro pigs.
- Can the inclusion of different olive oil cakes on diet affect carcass quality of Bísaro?Publication . Leite, Ana; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Vasconcelos, Lia; Domínguez, Rubén; Rodrigues, Sandra; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Pinheiro, Victor; Lorenzo, José M.; Teixeira, AlfredoThe present work aimed to evaluate the potential incorporation of olive by-products olive cake (crude olive cake, exhausted olive cake without and with olive oil and two-phase olive cake) in the diet of Bísaro pigs, a local breed reared in Trás-os-Montes region (northeast of Portugal) and to study its effect on the animal´s growth traits and carcass characteristics
- Can the introduction of different olive cakes affect the carcass, meat and fat quality of bísaro pork?Publication . Leite, Ana; Domínguez, Rubén; Vasconcelos, Lia; Ferreira, Iasmin da Silva; Pereira, Etelvina; Pinheiro, Victor; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Rodrigues, Sandra; Lorenzo, José M.; Santos, Eva María; Andrés, Silvina Cecilia; Campagnol, Paulo C.B.; Teixeira, AlfredoThe implementation of climate-smart policies to enhance carbon sequestration and reduce emissions is being encouraged worldwide to fight climate change. Afforestation practices and rewilding initiatives are climate-smart examples suggested to tackle these issues. In contrast, fire-smart approaches, by stimulating traditional farmland activities or agroforestry practices, could also assist climate regulation while protecting biodiversity. However, there is scarce information concerning the potential impacts of these alternative land management strategies on climate regulation ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. As such, this work simulates future effects of different land management strategies in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (Portugal-Spain). Climate-smart (‘Afforestation’, ‘Rewilding’) and fire-smart (‘Farmland recovery’, ‘Agroforestry recovery’) scenarios were modelled over a period of 60 years (1990–2050), and their impacts on climate regulation services were evaluated. Species distribution models for 207 vertebrates were built and future gains/losses in climate-habitat suitability were quantified. Results suggest climate-smart policies as the best for climate regulation (0.98 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 of mean carbon sequestration increase and 6801.5 M€ of avoided economic losses in 2020–2050 under Afforestation scenarios), while providing the largest habitat gains for threatened species (around 50% for endangered and critically endangered species under Rewilding scenarios). Fire-smart scenarios also benefit carbon regulation services (0.82 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 of mean carbon sequestration increase and 3476.3 M€ of avoided economic losses in 2020–2050 under Agroforestry scenarios), benefiting the majority of open-habitat species. This study highlights the main challenges concerning management policies in European rural mountains, while informing decision-makers regarding landscape planning under global change.
- Effects of Olive Cake on the Performance, Digestibility, Blood Parameters, and Intestinal Villi of Bísaro PigsPublication . Paié-Ribeiro, Jessica; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Guedes, Cristina; Gomes, Maria; Teixeira, José; Teixeira, Alfredo; Pinheiro, VictorOlive oil production generates by-products, such as olive cake (OC), which can be used in animal feed, reducing the environmental impact. This study assessed the effects of OC in pig diets on intestinal morphometry and blood parameters. Twenty-four Bísaro pigs were randomly assigned to three treatments: OC0 (control), OC15 (15% dehydrated OC), and OC25 (25% dehydrated OC) for 93 days. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), and fiber (NDF) was evaluated through total feces collection. No significant differences in average daily gain (ADG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found (p > 0.05). However, average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased from 2.84 kg (control) to 3.46 kg (OC15) and 3.64 kg (OC25). OC inclusion increased the ADFI of CF (90.8 g to 171.5 g and 169.2 g) and NDF (586.8 g to 896.6 g and 1115.4 g). The ATTD of all parameters decreased with 25% OC. The digestible intake of DM, OM, and CP was unaffected, but CF intake was higher in OC-fed groups (p = 0.005). Histomorphometric analysis revealed no significant differences in villi size. Lymphocyte counts were higher in OC25 (p < 0.05). This study suggests that up to 15% OC inclusion is feasible without compromising the pigs’ performance.
- Effects of olive leaf on gut microflora of broiler poultryPublication . Mourão, José L.; Pereira, Ermelinda; Pinheiro, Victor; Dias, Carla; Freitas, Eliana; Pereira, Vânia; Saavedra, Maria JoséIn 2006 European Union bans the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) in animal feed. Due to the fact that the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been banned intensive research has focused on the development of alternative strategies with the aim of maintenance of animal health and performance. Some studies showed that olive leaves have specific organic compounds with antimicrobial activities. The objective of the present essay is to evaluate the effects of olive leaf (OL) diet incorporation on intestinal microflora of broiler poultries. The three experimental treatments were as follow: control treatment (0FO); 10FO (10 g/kg of olive leaf); 20FO (20 g/kg of olive leaf). The basal diet (control treatment) was a typical corn and soybean meal-based diet and was formulated according to the recommendation of NRC (1994). One hundred and forty-seven day old male feather sexed broiler chicks (Ross 350) were allocated randomly in 21 pens (7 birds/pen). The chicks were given feed and water ad libitum throughout the experimental period (0 to 21 days of age). At 21 days of age, 2 birds of each pen randomly selected were removed and a total of 60 birds were slaughtered to collect the ileal and caecal contents counting of microbial population (total coliforms and Escherichia coli). The results showed a lower total coliforms and E. coli counts in ileum contents than in cecal contents. The addition of olive leaf in basal diet did not affect the population of coliforms and E. coli in ileum and cecal contents.
- Exploring the Potential of Olive By-Products in Bísaro Pig Feed: Effects on the Chemical Compositions and Fatty Acid Profiles of Three Different MusclesPublication . Paié-Ribeiro, Jessica; Pinheiro, Victor; Guedes, Cristina; Gomes, Maria José; Teixeira, José; Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Teixeira, Alfredo; Outor-Monteiro, DivanildoThe olive oil industry generates large quantities of olive cake (OC), making its use in animal feed an environmentally sustainable alternative. Considering that the ham of Bísaro pigs is traditionally used for the production of cured ham, the analysis of raw meat is essential to understand how diet influences its quality before the maturation process. This study examined the effect of different types of OC in the diets of Bísaro pigs, focusing on the chemical compositions and fatty acid profiles of three fresh ham muscles—biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST). Forty Bísaro pigs were assigned to five diets: control (CD), 10% raw OC (COC), two-phase OC (TPOC), exhausted OC (EOC), and exhausted OC with 1% olive oil (EOC-OO). The diets significantly influenced moisture, protein, collagen, and haem pigments (p < 0.05). TPOC had the highest moisture content, while CD had the lowest. Protein levels were higher in BF and SM for OC-fed pigs. Collagen in ST was highest in CD and lowest in EOC. Haem pigments varied, with EOC highest in BF and ST and EOC-OO highest in SM. Significant MUFA differences were found in BF (p < 0.001), highest in CD and lowest in TPOC. PUFA levels and the PUFA/SFA ratio were highest in TPOC (p < 0.001), while SFA remained unchanged. The results suggest that up to 10% OC can be included in pig diets without compromising meat quality, but factors such as economic viability and nutritional variability must be considered. This study provides new insights into how OC affects muscle composition, contributing to optimizing feeding strategies for better meat quality and sustainability.
- Exploring the Variability in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Olive Oil By-Products: A Path to Sustainable ValorizationPublication . Paié-Ribeiro, Jessica; Baptista, Filipa; Gomes, Maria José Marques; Teixeira, Alfredo; Pinheiro, Victor; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Barros, Ana NovoThe olive oil industry generates large volumes of by-products, creating notable environmental and economic concerns. Among these, olive cake (OC)—a primary by-product of olive oil extraction—stands out due to its high content of bioactive compounds and potential for value-added recycling. This study focused on characterizing six OC samples from the Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro regions, collected at different processing times and mills. The samples included two derived from pressing (COC), two from two-phase centrifugation (TPOC; one partially pitted and one dehydrated), and two exhausted OC (EOC) samples. Fundamental analyses assessed total phenols, ortho-diphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and tannin content. Results revealed significant variation (p < 0.05) in phenolic composition, namely ortho-diphenols and flavonoid levels among the samples. EOC 2 exhibited the highest concentrations (19.61, 21.82, and 20.12 mg CAT/g, respectively), while COC 2 had the lowest (5.08, 5.08, and 2.76 mg GA/g, respectively). This correlated with elevated antioxidant activity in EOC 2, as measured by FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays (129.98, 78.00, and 56.65 μmol Trolox/g). In contrast, COC 1 and COC 2 displayed the lowest antioxidant activities (32.61 μmol Trolox/g in FRAP and 17.24 and 18.98 μmol Trolox/g in DPPH). Tannin analysis showed the highest total tannin content in the dehydrated and pitted OC samples (250.31 and 240.89 mg CAT/100 g), with COC 2 showing the lowest (88.17 mg CAT/100 g). Condensed tannin content varied significantly, with EOC 2 presenting the highest level (328.17 mg CAT/100 g) and COC 2 the lowest one (20.56 mg CAT/100 g). Through HPLC-PDA-MS, 22 compounds were identified, with luteolin and verbascoside being particularly prevalent. This in-depth characterization supports the potential valorization of olive by-products, advancing sustainability and promoting a circular economy in the olive oil sector.
- From Waste to Resource: Compositional Analysis of Olive Cake’s Fatty Acids, Nutrients and AntinutrientsPublication . Paié-Ribeiro, Jessica; Baptista, Filipa; Teixeira, José; Guedes, Cristina; Gomes, Maria J.; Teixeira, Alfredo; Barros, Ana Novo; Pinheiro, Victor; Outor-Monteiro, DivanildoThe olive oil industry, recognised for its beneficial products for health and food culture, generates a significant amount of by-products that, if not appropriately managed, can pose considerable environmental challenges. This study examined six olive cakes (OC) from the Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro regions, collected on different dates and mills: two obtained by pressing (COC), two by centrifugation (TPOC), including one partially pitted and one dehydrated, and two exhausted (EOC), which were subjected to conventional chemical analyses, namely dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fat (CF), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) profiling fatty acid (FA) and phosphorus and phytic acid content. The dehydrated TPOC had only 8% moisture content (due to drying), followed by EOC with 10% and COC (65–79%). The CF content was high in COC 1 (14.5% in DM), residual in EOC (1.5%) and intermediate in TPOC (9–10%). CP ranged from 5.3 to 7.3%. Notably, NDF levels were high (>65% in 5 samples; pitted TPOC 57.4%) and very lignified (ADL > 23%). Different FA profiles were observed: COC had the highest monounsaturated (76.36 g/100 g), while EOC had the highest saturated (16.56 g/100 g) and polyunsaturated (14.14 g/100 g). Phosphorus and phytic acid content (g/100 g) of EOC 2, TPOC pitted, TPOC dehydrated, COC 1 and COC 2 showed similar values to each other (mean of 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.44 ± 0.0, respectively), with EOC 1 having the lowest levels (0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.04, respectively). These results highlight the potential of OCs, especially dry TPOC, which offers transport, conservation and utilisation benefits.
- From Waste to Sustainable Animal Feed: Incorporation of Olive Oil By-Products into the Diet of Bísaro Breed PigsPublication . Paié-Ribeiro, Jessica; Pinheiro, Victor; Guedes, Cristina; Gomes, Maria José; Teixeira, José; Teixeira, Alfredo; Outor-Monteiro, DivanildoThe olive oil agro-industry generates large quantities of by-products, such as olive cake (OC), whose sustainable valorisation in animal feed can contribute to the principles of circular economy, waste reduction, and resource efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of incorporating OC into the diets of growing Bísaro pigs, focusing on productive parameters and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Two trials were carried out. In the first trial, 25 pigs were fed five diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% exhausted OC (EOC) for 15 days. The results showed a linear decrease in ATTD with increasing EOC levels (p < 0.001), but the increased feed intake compensated for the reduced digestibility, and growth performance was maintained. The initial and final live weight (LW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected (p > 0.05). In the second trial, 40 pigs were fed five diets for 82 days: a control diet and four diets incorporating 10% crude OC, 10% two-phase OC, 10% EOC, and 10% EOC with 1% olive oil. No significant differences were observed in final weight, ADG, ADFI, FCR, or the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF, and NDF. The results suggest incorporating moderate levels of OC into Bísaro pig diets could be a viable strategy for valorising by-products, reducing agro-industrial waste and increasing sustainability in animal production. In addition, the inclusion of OC had no negative impact on animal performance, highlighting the potential of OC as a sustainable ingredient for animal feed, which aligns with the objectives of the circular economy and sustainable livestock farming practices.
- Incorporating Olive By-Products in Bísaro Pig Diets: Effect on Dry-Cured Product QualityPublication . Leite, Ana; Vasconcelos, Lia; Lopez, Sergio; Outor-Monteiro, Divanildo; Pinheiro, Victor; Rodrigues, Sandra; Teixeira, AlfredoThe objective of this study was to assess the impact of incorporating olive cake into the diet of indigenous Bísaro pigs on the quality of processed meat products. To this end, loins and “cachaços” were processed using a standardized manufacturing flowchart to produce dry-cured products. The two products were manufactured using the same formulation, ingredients, and curing process. Concerning the physicochemical composition, there were significant differences between the two products for the parameters of aw (p < 0.001), moisture (p < 0.001), total fat (p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001), and haem pigments (p < 0.001). The diet significantly impacted the NaCl content (p < 0.05). However, neither the product nor the diet affected the fractions of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed for n-3 (p < 0.05). Adding olive cake increased these fatty acids, and the diet containing 25% centrifuged olive cake showed the highest levels for both products. Compared with the control, the diets containing olive cake had a higher content of n-3 fatty acids, resulting in a lower PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.01).