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- Análise do perfil nutricional de partes comestíveis da Portulaca oleracea L. produzida pela técnica de rotação de culturasPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Compocholi, Maria; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianPortu/aca o/eracea L. (beldroega) é uma planta silvestre comestível com reconhecidas propriedades medicinais. As suas folhas e caules são popularmente consumidos preparadas como sumos, mas também em cru ou cozidas em saladas. Recentemente a beldroega foi descrita como alimento funcional, devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, o que fez despertar um grande interesse na sua produção em cultivo controlado, especialmente quando se considera a sua grande adaptabilidade como espécie a várias condições adversaslul. Considerando a importância de explorar novas fontes sustentáveis de nutrientes e compostos bioativos alinhado com a manutenção da qualidade do solo, a aplicação da técnica agrícola de rotação de culturas tem vários benefícios agronómicos, que estão já bem documentadosl3l. Com vista a obter beldroegas com maior valor nutricional e terapêutico, foi aplicada este tipo de técnica na sua produção em três pontos experimentais com rotação com uma cultura de feijão. O conteúdo em proteína bruta, lípidos totais, fibras dietéticas totais, cinzas e hidratos de carbono (por diferença) das folhas e caules foram avaliados por métodos AOAC. A energia foi calculada de acordo com a equação: energia (kcal por 100 g) = 9 x (g gordura) + 4 x (g proteína + g hidratos de carbono) + 2 x (g fibras dietéticas totais). Nos lípidos totais e proteína bruta foram observadas diferenças nutricionais significativas entre as parcelas experimentais, bem como nas folhas e caules da beldroega, sendo que as folhas revelaram as maiores quantidades. O teor de cinzas não variou entre folhas e caules da mesma parcela experimental, mas foi novamente nas folhas que se observou um maior conteúdo em fibras dietéticas totais e maior valor energético. A produção de beldroega em solo continua a ser bastante promissora, no entanto, a produção com rotação com uma cultura de feijão revelou maiores teores de fibra brutal4l. Com os resultados preliminares obtidos, o uso de técnicas de rotação de culturas permite a obtenção de beldroegas com alto valor nutricional, para além de aumentar a sua disponibilidade na indústria e, por conseguinte, para o consumidor final.
- Avaliação da influência da adubação via solução nutritiva no perfil nutricional de Scolymus hispanicus L.Publication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianIntrodução - Scolymus hispanicus L. (cardo dourado) é uma planta silvestre comestível da região do Mediterrâneo, tradicionalmente consumida pelos seus efeitos benéficos para a saúde, o que tem vindo a despertar grande interesse para a produção controlada1. Objetivos e metodologia - Avaliação do efeito da adubação, usando soluções nutritivas com diferentes rácios de azoto (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), no perfil nutricional (métodos AOAC) das folhas de S. Hispanicus, bem como no conteúdo de minerais (espectrofotometria de absorção atómica). Resultados - A amostra controlo (sem adubação) apresentou os maiores teores na maioria dos parâmetros estudados, com exceção do teor de fibras, hidratos de carbono e energia. As amostras adubadas com 300 mg/kg de azoto apresentaram os menores valores em relação aos teores de gordura, proteína bruta e fibra. A amostra adubada com 300:100:100 mg/kg de N:P:K apresentou a maior quantidade de sódio, cálcio e magnésio e o menor teor de potássio e zinco; enquanto que, a amostra controlo apresentou os maiores teores de potássio, ferro e zinco. Conclusão - Verificou-se que a concentração de N:P:K pode afetar diretamente o valor nutricional e o conteúdo mineral da planta em estudo, sendo que altas concentrações de azoto apresentaram um impacto negativo no conteúdo proteico, indicando a baixa resposta da planta para aumentar as taxas de adubação com azoto.
- Combinação de diferentes regimes de fertilização e irrigação para a produção de cardo dourado (Scolymus hispanicus L.) de alto valor nutricional e mineralPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Compocholi, Maria; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Barros, Lillian; Dias, Maria InêsScolymus hispanicus L. (cardo dourado) é uma planta silvestre comestível que foi popularmente inserida no passado na Dieta Mediterrânica e que caiu em desuso em prol de outras espécies mais apreciadas pelo consumidor [1]. Considerando a atual preocupação por uma alimentação mais funcional e, consequentemente, mais saudável dos consumidores, a par da perda de biodiversidade pela colheita irracional de espécies silvestres de alto valor acrescentado, é de extrema importância desenvolver uma produção racional, padronizada e sustentável destas plantas com um perfil nutricional e mineral que se coadunem com as exigências dos consumidores. A otimização dos regimes de fertilização e o uso racional da água têm sido dos fatores mais estudados pela academia e implementados pelos agricultores para aumentar o rendimento das suas culturas [2,3]. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da fertilização com soluções nutritivas contendo diferentes proporções de azoto, fósforo e potássio (N:K:P) bem como o efeito do regime de irrigação no perfil nutricional e mineral das folhas de S. hispanicus. Os conteúdos de proteína bruta (Pr), gordura (G), cinzas (C) e fibras dietéticas (FD) totais foram avaliados através de métodos AOAC e hidratos de carbono (HC) por diferença. O conteúdo de minerais avaliado por feito por AAS. A energia foi calculada de acordo com a equação: 4 x (g Pr + g HC) + 2 x (g FD) + 9 x (g G). Os controlos usados foram produzidos sem fertilização (SHFC) e com irrigação feita com água da chuva (SHIC). Os regimes de irrigação tiveram um maior impacto positivo no conteúdo de Pr, C e FD totais quando do que os regimes de fertilização via solução nutritiva, revelando maiores teores desses macronutrientes funcionais e consequentemente, menores teores de HC. O conteúdo de G não foi afetado. A fertilização com 300:200:100 ppm (N:P:K) revelou o maior conteúdo energético bem como de HC. O perfil mineral obtido em todos os tratamentos aplicados foi bastante distinto, o que era expectável. Com a produção em hidroponia acoplada à irrigação foram obtidos maiores teores de ferro, cálcio e potássio; no entanto o controlo em hidroponia apresentou maiores teores de sódio. A maior concentração de manganês foi obtida nas amostras com irrigação de 100:100:100 ppm (N:P:K). Os impactos dos diferentes regimes de fertilização e irrigação na qualidade nutricional e conteúdo mineral são evidentes; sendo necessários para o desenvolvimento de sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis
- Crop rotation and irrigation regime affects the nutritional and chemical profile of Cichorium spinosumPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianThe sustainable management of agricultural systems offers synergistic opportunities for the co-production of agricultural and natural capital outcomes.1 A properly sized agricultural system is essential for the sustainable and ecological maintenance of crop productivity. Irrigation management is an important adaptation strategy to improve crop resilience to global climate change while crop rotation brings benefits such as increased crop yields through high soil fertility and reduced fertilizer inputs.2 Cichorium spinosum L. (spiny chicory) is a wild edible plant that has received very recent attention as a potential alternative/complementary crop. It is a plant traditionally consumed in the so-called Mediterranean diet due to its high nutritional value and various beneficial health effects.3 The study aims to improve and integrate the cultivation of this species in farming systems of the Mediterranean region. Thus, a combination of full or deficit irrigation with or without crop rotation with maize was established in an attempt to establish the commercial cultivation of spiny chicory. Two control samples were cultivated: C0 (rain-feed with crop rotation with maize) and C00 (rain-feed without crop rotation). The nutritional profile was evaluated using AOAC methods. Energy was calculated according to the equation: energy (kcal per 100 g) = 4 x (g protein + g carbohydrate) + 2 x (g total dietary fiber) + 9 x (g fat). The profile of organic acids, minerals, fatty acids and sugars were performed using UFLC-PDA, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, GC-FID and HPLC-RI, respectively. Although the impacts that a sustainable farming system generates on the crop involved is a long-term assessment and after the system has been repeated for several growing periods, however some changes are already noticeable in the first growing period. In the nutritional profile, there were no differences between the six experimental treatments, with the exception of the total dietary fiber content which samples C0 (control) and CFIC (full irrigation with crop rotation with maize) showed the highest levels. The samples presented low values of total fat, being the sample C0 the one that presented the highest value (3.5 g/100g dry weight). Promising levels of crude protein were indicated by all samples, however once again the control sample had the highest content (C00). The CFIC and CFIN samples (full irrigation with and without crop rotation, respectively) showed the lowest values of carbohydrates. The sample CDIC (deficit irrigation with crop rotation with maize) showed the highest energy (276.3 kcal/100g dry weight) probably due to the low fiber content and consequently the high carbohydrate content. Five organic acids were identified in the spiny chicory samples, mostly quinic acid, except in the CFIN sample in which oxalic acid had the highest concentration. In terms of minerals, the samples with full irrigation showed higher concentrations of iron, manganese and copper and lower calcium, while the samples without crop rotation showed lower concentrations of potassium. The predominant fatty acids identified and quantified were linolenic, linoleic, and palmitic acids, the sum of which represented 82 to 86% in the studied samples, while the sample with deficit irrigation and without crop rotation (CDIN) presented the lowest percentage. Finally, the sugars identified in higher concentrations were sucrose, glucose, fructose, and trehalose, respectively, however, it is suggested that crop rotation with maize altered the profile of sugars by increasing their concentrations. Considering that these are preliminary results, it was possible to point out positive impacts of the tested agronomic practices on nutritional parameters of the species that could be commercially applied aiming to integrate wild edible species in sustainable and low inputs farming systems.
- Domestication of wild edible species: the response of Scolymus hispanicus plants to different fertigation regimesPublication . Paschoalinotto, B. H.; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Compocholi, Maria; Rouphael, Youssef; Alexopoulos, Alexios; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, Lillian; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.Scolymus hispanicus L. is a wild edible species with wide distribution in the Mediterranean area. Recent research has focused on the domestication of wild edible greens, which is essential for the preservation of agroecosystems and the increase in biodiversity, especially under the adversely changing climate conditions. In the present work, the aim was to evaluate the response of S. hispanicus plants to different fertilization regimes that varied in the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in regard to plant growth and chemical composition of leaves. For this purpose, plants were grown in pots within an unheated greenhouse. Seven experimental treatments were used, including six fertigation regimes (SH1-SH6) and the control treatment (SHC), where no fertilizers were added. Fresh yield was beneficially affected by the treatments that included a high content of P and K (e.g., SH3 and SH5), while lesser amounts of these macronutrients (e.g., SH1 and SH4) resulted in higher chlorophyll content (SPAD index) and leaf area. In terms of mineral profile, high amounts of P and K improved dietary fiber and carbohydrates content, whereas the untreated plants had the highest content of ash, fat and crude protein. Oxalic and quinic acid were the major organic acids detected, with fertigation regimes significantly reducing their content compared to the control treatment. α-tocopherol was the only isoform of vitamin E detected in all the samples, while glucose and fructose were the most abundant sugars, with their highest content detected in control and SH4 treatments, respectively. Scolymus hispanicus leaves were rich in macro and micro minerals, while their contents varied depending on the fertigation regime. Finally, α-linolenic, palmitic, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids detected, while their contents were beneficially affected by low nutrient inputs (e.g., untreated plants and SH1 and SH2 treatments). In conclusion, the regulation of nutrient solution seems to be an effective practice to increase fresh yield in S. hispanicus without compromising the nutritional profile of the edible product, while low inputs of macronutrients such as P and K may improve the chemical composition of the species, especially in terms of n-fatty acids.
- Estudo integrado da influência do tipo de cultivo e irrigação nas propriedades bioativas de Cichorium spinosum L.Publication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Pires, Tânia C.S.; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianCichorium spinosum L. é uma planta silvestre comestível da bacia do Mediterrâneo, também conhecida como chicória espinhosa, utilizada em receitas e bebidas tradicionais da denominada “Dieta Mediterrânica”. A procura incessante por produtos naturais benéficos para a saúde renovaram/aumentaram o interesse por espécies de plantas não tão conhecidas e consumidas pelo consumidor, devido sobretudo ao seu perfil fitoquímico e propriedades bioativas de elevado interesse [1]. A par disto, técnicas alternativas de cultivo têm vindo a ser aplicadas para obtenção deste tipo de plantas, sob o estandarte da produtividade sustentável e ecológica, como sendo a hidroponia e a rotação de culturas. Estas práticas podem potencializar a gestão racional da água, a otimização dos regimes de fertilização e, sobretudo, aumentar a adaptabilidade destas plantas silvestres a sistemas controlados de produção [2]. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou a avaliação das propriedades antioxidante (ensaio de TBARS) e antibacteriana (ensaio colorimétrico, isolados clínicos) dos extratos hidroetanólicos das folhas de C. spinosum produzidas com irrigação completa ou deficit e com ou sem rotação com uma cultura de milho (CM). Foram ainda usados dois controlos usando água da chuva para irrigação e com e sem rotação com milho. Relativamente a atividade antioxidante, os extratos com deficit de irrigação combinado com rotação com CM destacaram-se pelo potencial de inibir a peroxidação lipídica, revelando os menores valores de IC50. Não houve diferenças significativas nos extratos com irrigação completa, e os valores menos promissores foram encontrados particularmente nas amostras controlo. Em geral, as bactérias Gram-positivas demonstraram maior sensibilidade aos extratos hidroetanólicos do controlo sem rotação com CM, seguido dos extratos oriundos da produção com deficit de irrigação e sem rotação de CM. Em particular, a estirpe bacteriana de Staphylococcus aureus demonstrou ser a mais sensível de todas as estudas, nomeadamente nas amostras irrigadas com água de chuva e sem rotação com CM (Concentração mínima inibitória de 2.5 mg/mL). Nenhuma das amostras revelou capacidade bactericida. O estudo integrado permitiu observar que a combinação da irrigação com rotação de cultura de milho afeta significativamente as propriedades bioativas da chicória. Estudos complementares serão necessários para identificar os compostos responsáveis pelas bioatividades assim como otimizar a produção das plantas para obtenção de maiores teores de moléculas de alto valor agregado.
- Fertilization of pot-grown Cichorium spinosum L.: how it can affect plant growth, chemical profile, and bioactivities of edible parts?Publication . Polyzos, Nikolaos; Paschoalinotto, B. H.; Compocholi, Maria; Pinela, José; Heleno, Sandrina A.; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, Lillian; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.Cichorium spinosum L. is a perennial wild edible plant that is usually found near the coasts of the Mediterranean basin. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of the fertilization regime on the growth and chemical profile of pot-grown C. spinosum plants, as well as the effect of extraction protocol (aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts on bioactive properties). For this purpose, plants were fertilized via a nutrient solution that differed in the amounts (mg/L) of N:P:K, e.g., 100:100:100 (C111), 200:100:100 (C211), 200:200:200 (C222), 300:100:100 (C311), 300:200:200 (C322), and 300:300:300 (C333) mg/L of N:P:K, as well as a control treatment with no fertilizer added (C0). The fertilization regime had a beneficial effect on the growth parameters of spiny chicory, while it improved its nutritional value, as indicated by the polyunsaturated (PUFA)/saturated (SFA) ratio being higher than 0.45 and the omega-6 (n-6)/omega-3 (n-3) ratio being lower than 4.0. Seven phenolic compounds were detected, including two phenolic acids and five flavonoids, while a varied composition was recorded depending on the fertilization regime and the extraction protocol. In regards to the studied bioactive parameters, antioxidant activity was significantly affected by the applied fertilizers and the extraction protocol, while there was no significant effect on the cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity. The antimicrobial properties of C. spinosum showed varying trends depending on the bacterial strain, the fertilization regime, and the extraction protocol, whereas we recorded the extracts' weak antifungal activity against the studied fungi. In conclusion, even though the fertilization of C. spinosum plants had beneficial effects on growth and nutritional value, a significant effect of the extraction protocol on the chemical profile and bioactivities of the edible leaves was also recorded, indicating the application of tailor-made fertilization regimes combined with the most suitable extraction method for the achievement of high-quality final products.
- Functionality assessment of Scolymus hispanicus (golden thistle) for its daily-basis incorporation in the Mediterranean dietPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianGolden thistle (Scolymus hispanicus L.) is naturally distributed in the Mediterranean region. Its roots and fresh rosettes are traditionally consumed in soups and special meals, and have been reintroduced in some European countries since the consumption of native species is an integral and crucial part of the so-called Mediterranean diet; long associated with several beneficial health effects against diseases spread worldwide1. Although most of these native species are traditionally collected in the wild by the local communities, the increasing demand for such edible plants has created a market niche for the commercial exploitation of Wild Edible Plants (WEPs). This practice may fulfill consumer demands for product availability throughout the year, as well it prevents the risk for genetic erosion due to irrational gathering. There are reports, available in the literature, for cultivation practices of native species and how these practices may affect its nutritional profile, chemical composition, and bioactive compounds content2. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with nutrient solutions that contained different ratios of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) on the nutritional profile (AOAC methods) of S. hispanicus edible plant parts. The mineral content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Energy was calculated according to the equation: energy (kcal per 100 g) = 4 x (g protein + g carbohydrate) + 2 x (g total dietary fiber) + 9 x (g fat). The sample fertilized with 200:200:200 ppm of N:P:K (S222) stood out for its fiber content (40.7±0.2 g/100 g dry weight), followed by the sample S211 (fertilized with 200:100:100 ppm of N:P:K) that also showed promising crude protein values (10.8±0.3 g/100 g of dw); however, the crude protein content showed no significant differences between this sample (S211) and samples fertilized with 100:100:100 N:P:K (S111) and S222, respectively. The total dietary fiber content was different among the seven experimental treatments, which suggests the influence of the nutrient solution on this parameter. Sample S111 showed similar fat content to the control sample. The control sample (without fertilization) showed the highest levels in the majority of the studied parameters, except for fiber content, carbohydrates, and energy. The sample fertilized with 300 ppm of nitrogen had the lowest values in relation to fat, crude protein, and fiber contents. The energy calculation ranged from 301 to 285 kcal/100g of dry weight, while the sample with the highest energy value had the highest carbohydrate content. Mineral composition was affected by fertilization treatments for most of the minerals evaluated in the present study. Sample S311 (fertilized with 300:100:100 ppm of N:P:K) showed the highest amount of sodium, calcium, and magnesium and the lowest content of potassium and zinc. On the other hand, the control sample had the lowest amounts of sodium, magnesium, manganese and copper and the highest levels of potassium, iron, and zinc. Iron and other micro minerals are an essential part of many compounds in the oxygen transport and storage system and function as cofactors for enzymes3. It was possible to verify that the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in nutrient solution may directly affect the nutritional value and mineral content of the plant under study, with high concentrations of nitrogen presenting a negative impact on the protein content, indicating the low response of the species to increasing nitrogen fertilization rates. With the results obtained, it is possible to select the appropriate nutrient solution to obtain golden thistle with a promising nutritional profile and high mineral contents, as well as to promote its incorporation into commercial farming systems and the exploitation in a more sustainable manner through tailor-made fertilization regimes.
- Impacto do tipo de produção agrícola sobre as partes comestíveis de beldroegas (Portulaca oleracea L.)Publication . Polyzos, Nikolaos; Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Compocholi, Maria; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, Lillian; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.Cichorium spinosum L. is a wild edible species, commonly known as stamnagkathi found in many parts of Greece especially in Crete area and other Metditerranean countries
- Nutritional profile and mineral content of Sonchus asper: a wild edible plant from the Mediterranean areaPublication . Paschoalinotto, B.H.; Prieto Lage, Miguel A.; Compocholi, Maria; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, LillianAgrobiodiversity as part of overall biodiversity can be defined as the variety of living forms within agricultural ecosystems and is strongly linked with diversity in food and agricultural production and, thus, with nutrition and human health. In addition to the diversity of common crop species, Mediterranean agrobiodiversity resources also include Wild Edible Plants (WEPs)1. Sonchus asper is considered a wild edible plant and is popularly known as spiny sow thistle. This species of European origin, but found on other continents, is traditionally harvested by local people from nature, to be consumed mainly sautéed with sauces and broths of the well-known Mediterranean diet2. The unrestrained collection of wild plants can cause serious environmental problems as well as health problems for the consumer, since these species grow spontaneously to maintain themselves and are not managed or cultivated, so there is no reproducibility in the nutritional contribution. Thus, the objective of the present study was to characterize the nutritional profile, mineral content, and energy of the leaves of two wild spiny sow thistle (SA1 and SA2), grown on different medium, using AOAC methods. The content of crude protein (AOAC, 991.02), total fat (AOAC, 989.05), total dietary fiber (AOAC, 991.43), ash (AOAC, 935.42) and carbohydrates (by difference) were evaluated. The mineral content was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the energy was calculated according to the equation: energy (kcal per 100 g) = 4 x (g protein + g carbohydrate) + 2 x (g total dietary fiber) + 9 x (g fat). In all nutritional parameters, wild Sonchus asper samples showed different values. In total fat, SA1 presented the highest amount (5.6 g/100 g dw) while SA2 presented 2.8 g/100 g dw. In terms of carbohydrates, SA2 showed twice the concentration when compared to SA1. In terms of crude protein and total dietary fiber, SA1 shows promising concentrations (15.96 and 41.6 g/100 g dw, respectively), while SA2 contained namely 11.86 and 37.45 g/100 dw. Regarding ash, the leaves of SA2 showed values lower than SA1. Although SA1 presented the highest concentrations of total fat, crude protein, total dietary fiber, and ash, the SA2 sample presented the highest energy contribution (304.5 kcal/100 g), possibly due to the significant presence of carbohydrates. The mineral content also showed great differences between SA1 and SA2, mainly with regard to the concentration (mg/g of dw) of manganese, with the sample SA1 showing a content of 30% higher when compared to SA2. For potassium, copper, and zinc, the sample SA2 showed the highest concentrations, on the other hand, SA1 showed high concentrations in the content of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron (9.4, 10.5, 3.2, 0.2 mg/g of dw, respectively). This distinct nutritional profile of the two wild thistles is possibly caused by the quality of the soil, since the primary metabolism depends on the edaphoclimatic conditions in which the plant grows, namely light, salinity, and temperature3. The preliminary results obtained point out the great differences in the nutritional value of spiny sow thistle, highlighting the need to implement an adequate cultivation system that enhances this species functional macro and micronutrients.