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Variability of energy cost in breaststroke technique: a systematic review

2024Journal article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais
datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Outras Ciências Médicas
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Miriam
dc.contributor.authorBarbosa, Tiago M.
dc.contributor.authorVilas-Boas, João Paulo
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-07T11:58:50Z
dc.date.available2025-11-07T11:58:50Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractThis study aimed to synthesise the body of knowledge on kinematics, active drag and energetics determinants of energy cost variability in the breaststroke technique. Methodological procedures considering the standards for systematic reviews according to the ‘“Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses”’ were employed. Searches were conducted in four prominent databases. A total of 1,464 articles were identified, of which 201 met the eligibility criteria. After evaluation, 73 articles were included for synthesis in this review. The included studies had a mean score (± SD) of 9.14 ± 1.76 points regarding the quality assessment. The present review identified three distinct domains of variables: kinematics (including stroke kinematics and coordination parameters), active drag, and energetics. The findings underscored the pivotal role of stroke kinematics, including stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, and intra-cyclic variations of velocity, in influencing energy cost during breaststroke swimming. Additionally, the analysis highlighted the significance of propulsive and non-propulsive phases, arm-to-leg timing, and buoyancy in breaststroke technique. Notably, breaststroke exhibited higher values of active drag, frontal area, and energy cost, while maintaining lower velocity compared to other swimming techniques. Overall, this synthesis of literature highlights the holistic nature of energy cost in breaststroke swimming.pt_PT
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research is funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PhD individual grant: https://doi.org/10.54499/2021.08308.BD).pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationAlves, Miriam; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo (2024). Variability of energy cost in breaststroke technique: a systematic review. Sports Biomechanics. ISSN 1476-3141. 24:7, p. 1-41
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/14763141.2024.2427683pt_PT
dc.identifier.eissn1752-6116
dc.identifier.issn1476-3141
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/34990
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherTaylor & Francispt_PT
dc.relation.ispartofseries1
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectSwimmingpt_PT
dc.subjectKinematicspt_PT
dc.subjectCoordinationpt_PT
dc.subjectEnergypt_PT
dc.subjectExpenditurept_PT
dc.subjectActive dragpt_PT
dc.titleVariability of energy cost in breaststroke technique: a systematic reviewpt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/POR_NORTE/2021.08308.BD/PT
oaire.citation.endPage41
oaire.citation.issue7
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleSports Biomechanicspt_PT
oaire.citation.volume24
oaire.fundingStreamPOR_NORTE
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameBarbosa
person.givenNameTiago M.
person.identifier.ciencia-id8B11-BDC4-F6FF
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7071-2116
person.identifier.scopus-author-id10044856400
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication941a6f14-cfba-458a-a2e3-0cbd1846cd42
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery941a6f14-cfba-458a-a2e3-0cbd1846cd42
relation.isProjectOfPublication4abe2ad5-128e-4bb5-b1d8-b535ea2fdf00
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscovery4abe2ad5-128e-4bb5-b1d8-b535ea2fdf00

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