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The completion of this master's thesis was made possible thanks to the fundamental support and encouragement of various individuals and institutions, to whom I express my sincere gratitude.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents for always encouraging me in my studies and for their emotional and financial support. Without them, the realization of the dream of obtaining dual degrees would not have been possible. I also want to express my gratitude to my sister, who not only is my best friend but also understands me like no one else. Even from afar, she has brought calmness in difficult times, supporting me in every decision and constantly showing how proud she is of me. Doctor Sandrina Alves Heleno (IPB) and Doctor Elisângela Dusman (UTFPR), my co-supervisors, I deeply appreciate your attention, availability, and for sharing your extensive knowledge. A special thank you to my supervisor, Doctor Tânia Pires (IPB), for
the patience shown throughout the project and for imparting valuable lessons that extend beyond technical and academic knowledge. I am immensely grateful to the community of the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
(IPB) for welcoming me so warmly and for providing excellent infrastructure, quality equipment, and numerous opportunities for personal and professional growth. My heartfelt thanks to the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR) and to all the professors and collaborators with whom I had the privilege to interact. It has been years of valuable learning that culminated in a unique opportunity for dual degree, for which I am deeply grateful. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the colleagues I met during my undergraduate studies, who, in various ways, not only supported me in my studies but also enriched my academic journey. I express my deep gratitude to my girlfriend for being by my side in all moments, whether they are good or bad. Her constant support, encouragement, love, affection, understanding, and serenity have been invaluable to me. I thank her for always encouraging me and believing in me, even when I doubted myself. I am immensely grateful for everything. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all the friends I left behind in Brazil. Even from a distance, you have always been present in my life, supporting and encouraging me. I am thankful for all the nights you kept me company, for all the laughter, jokes, and 2
advice. I also want to thank all the friends I made in Portugal. Despite our short time together, you have already done so much for me. I appreciate your company, the laughter, jokes, and for being together on all the holidays, far from family, your presence is incredibly important in moments of joy and fundamentally in moments of sadness. You have taught me that family doesn't always have to be blood-related.
Ginger, derived from the rhizome of the Zingiber officinale Roscoe plant, is renowned for its medicinal properties, particularly in alleviating nausea and vomiting. Recent studies have confirmed its efficacy in various medicinal treatments, with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antioxidant attributes. Ginger is highly valued in dermatology for its antioxidant abilities to combat free radicals that cause skin damage, rich in gingerols and other active compounds, ginger extract demonstrates antimicrobial effects by inhibiting unwanted microorganism growth and aids in reducing inflammation and promoting skin healing. Consequently, soaps infused with ginger extract may provide a natural and efficient solution for skin hygiene and care. However, it's important to consider limitations such as variations in the effectiveness of ginger extract for wound treatment, which may depend on the concentration of the extract, soap formulation, and severity of the wound. Additionally, the use of plant extracts can trigger allergic reactions in some individuals, which may worsen the skin condition instead of improving it. Therefore, before use, it's crucial to seek guidance from a healthcare professional whenever possible. In this study, two extraction methods were tested: Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. The optimal points identified were established at 17 minutes, 260 Watts of power, and 93% of hydroethanolic solvent (EtOH/H2O) concentration for the Microwave method. For the Ultrasound-assisted extraction, the ideal parameters were determined as 45 minutes, 20% power, and 80% of hydroethanolic solvent (EtOH/H2O) concentration. The microwave-assisted extraction method achieved a slightly higher yield than the ultrasound method. Ultrasound extraction showed better antioxidant activity by the DPPH method (0.373 ± 0.005 mg/mL), while microwave extraction demonstrated superior activity by the TBARS method (0.0032 ± 0.0001 mg/mL). In antibacterial tests, Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) show comparable efficacies for both microwave and ultrasound extraction methods, indicated by the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5 mg. However, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a difference is observed, the microwave extraction appears to be less effective (>10 mg) compared to ultrasound extraction (10 mg). Ginger extracts exhibits anti-inflammatory properties with low cytotoxicity. Microwave and ultrasound extracts only showed cytotoxic effects at concentrations exceeding 400 μg/mL for HFF1 cell lines. The result of 235.76 EC50, μg/mL indicates the effective concentration of the microwave extract needed to achieve 50% of the desired anti-inflammatory activity in the RAW 267.4 cell line, while ultrasound extract showed 267.9 EC50, μg/mL. The solid soaps were produced using 25 grams of glycerin, with the addition of 5 and 10 milligrams of each extract that were diluted in 1 milliliter of water, therefore two solid soaps were produced for each extraction method. The soaps were then left at room temperature until solidify, later divided into equal parts for evaluation at 0, 7, and 15 days. The soap with the most bioactive properties was the one made with ginger extract obtained through the ultrasonication extraction method. The sequence of inhibition zones followed the order from highest to lowest activity: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25 mm), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (20 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (20 mm), and Cutibacterium acnes (20 mm). This study aimed to optimize ginger extraction by identifying the optimal extraction points for the two methods tested, aiming to obtain an extract with the best bioactive properties to be incorporated into a soap. The results confirmed that ginger possesses antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics, crucial for formulating a medicinal soap.
Ginger, derived from the rhizome of the Zingiber officinale Roscoe plant, is renowned for its medicinal properties, particularly in alleviating nausea and vomiting. Recent studies have confirmed its efficacy in various medicinal treatments, with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antioxidant attributes. Ginger is highly valued in dermatology for its antioxidant abilities to combat free radicals that cause skin damage, rich in gingerols and other active compounds, ginger extract demonstrates antimicrobial effects by inhibiting unwanted microorganism growth and aids in reducing inflammation and promoting skin healing. Consequently, soaps infused with ginger extract may provide a natural and efficient solution for skin hygiene and care. However, it's important to consider limitations such as variations in the effectiveness of ginger extract for wound treatment, which may depend on the concentration of the extract, soap formulation, and severity of the wound. Additionally, the use of plant extracts can trigger allergic reactions in some individuals, which may worsen the skin condition instead of improving it. Therefore, before use, it's crucial to seek guidance from a healthcare professional whenever possible. In this study, two extraction methods were tested: Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. The optimal points identified were established at 17 minutes, 260 Watts of power, and 93% of hydroethanolic solvent (EtOH/H2O) concentration for the Microwave method. For the Ultrasound-assisted extraction, the ideal parameters were determined as 45 minutes, 20% power, and 80% of hydroethanolic solvent (EtOH/H2O) concentration. The microwave-assisted extraction method achieved a slightly higher yield than the ultrasound method. Ultrasound extraction showed better antioxidant activity by the DPPH method (0.373 ± 0.005 mg/mL), while microwave extraction demonstrated superior activity by the TBARS method (0.0032 ± 0.0001 mg/mL). In antibacterial tests, Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) show comparable efficacies for both microwave and ultrasound extraction methods, indicated by the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5 mg. However, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a difference is observed, the microwave extraction appears to be less effective (>10 mg) compared to ultrasound extraction (10 mg). Ginger extracts exhibits anti-inflammatory properties with low cytotoxicity. Microwave and ultrasound extracts only showed cytotoxic effects at concentrations exceeding 400 μg/mL for HFF1 cell lines. The result of 235.76 EC50, μg/mL indicates the effective concentration of the microwave extract needed to achieve 50% of the desired anti-inflammatory activity in the RAW 267.4 cell line, while ultrasound extract showed 267.9 EC50, μg/mL. The solid soaps were produced using 25 grams of glycerin, with the addition of 5 and 10 milligrams of each extract that were diluted in 1 milliliter of water, therefore two solid soaps were produced for each extraction method. The soaps were then left at room temperature until solidify, later divided into equal parts for evaluation at 0, 7, and 15 days. The soap with the most bioactive properties was the one made with ginger extract obtained through the ultrasonication extraction method. The sequence of inhibition zones followed the order from highest to lowest activity: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25 mm), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (20 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (20 mm), and Cutibacterium acnes (20 mm). This study aimed to optimize ginger extraction by identifying the optimal extraction points for the two methods tested, aiming to obtain an extract with the best bioactive properties to be incorporated into a soap. The results confirmed that ginger possesses antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics, crucial for formulating a medicinal soap.
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Ginger Soap production Antibacterial Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant