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Authors
Abstract(s)
Com o rápido crescimento urbano e industrial aumenta também a preocupação
global com a poluição atmosférica e seus impactos na saúde humana e no meio
ambiente. Em Luanda, Angola o mesmo é verdadeiro, pelo que é essencial
compreender e avaliar os níveis de poluição do ar ambiente e suas
consequências para a população e o ecossistema local. Diante desse contexto,
os objetivos propostos são: caracterizar espacialmente os principais poluentes
gasosos na área metropolitana de Luanda, investigar suas principais fontes e
distribuição e estimar possíveis riscos associados à saúde humana. Além disso,
a pesquisa abordou aspectos gerais da dinâmica dos poluentes atmosféricos,
seus efeitos na saúde humana e no ambiente, bem como os métodos de
monitorização da qualidade do ar, ressaltando a importância da metodologia
passiva como técnica relevante nesse contexto. Também foram discutidos os
aspectos legais relacionados à qualidade do ar, fornecendo um contexto amplo
para a compreensão dos resultados obtidos. Para tal, foram selecionados e
caracterizados 25 pontos de amostragem passiva, nos quais foram instalados
tubos difusores, da marca Radiello, para determinar as concentrações de NO2,
SO2, O3, compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) e compostos carbonílicos. Os
valores de concentração (μg/m³) do NO2, SO2 e O3 foram analisados através da
metodologia de krigagem com o uso do software QGIS e o plug-in Smart-Map
para a produção de mapas interpolados. Esses mapas de dispersão espacial
indicaram que a área mais afetada por esses poluentes está ligada a fontes
móveis de poluição, ou seja, os motores de combustão interna dos veículos. Na
aferição dos possíveis efeitos dos poluentes gasosos, os COVs e compostos
carbonílicos foram analisados por uma metodologia proposta pela agência
ambiental dos EUA (USEPA), que permitiu calcular riscos carcinogénicos (CR)
e não carcinogénicos (HQ) para a saúde humana. As estimativas calculadas
para CR e HQ indicaram que a inalação do ar na área de estudo pode trazer
prejuízos à saúde, e se tratando da exposição crónica, aproximadamente 275
pessoas por milhão poderão desenvolver alguma doença oncogénica em
resultado da inalação de compostos voláteis. Espera-se que os resultados desta
pesquisa contribuam para uma melhor compreensão da qualidade do ar na região e sirvam de suporte para a formulação de políticas e medidas de controlo ambiental em Luanda.
With rapid urban and industrial growth comes global concern about air pollution and its impact on human health and the environment. In Luanda, Angola, the same is true, so it is essential to understand and assess the levels of ambient air pollution and their consequences for the population and the local ecosystem. Given this context, the proposed objectives are to spatially characterize the main gaseous pollutants in the Luanda metropolitan area, investigate their main sources and distribution and estimate the possible risks associated with human health. In addition, the research addressed general aspects of the dynamics of air pollutants, their effects on human health and the environment, as well as air quality monitoring methods, highlighting the importance of passive monitoring as a relevant technique in this context. The legal aspects related to air quality were also discussed, providing a broad context for understanding the results obtained. To this end, 25 passive sampling points were selected, in which Radiello diffusive tubes were installed to determine the concentrations of NO2, SO2, O3, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls. The concentration values (μg/m³) of NO2, SO2 and O3 were analysed using the kriging methodology using QGIS software and the Smart-Map plug-in to produce interpolated maps. These spatial dispersion maps indicated that the areas most affected by these pollutants are linked to mobile sources of pollution, i.e. vehicle internal combustion engines. To assess possible effects of gaseous pollutants, VOCs and carbonyl compounds were analysed using a methodology proposed by the USA Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), which allowed us to calculate carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HQ) risks to human health. The estimates for CR and HQ indicated that inhaling the air in the study area can cause health damage, and in the case of chronic exposure, approximately 275 people per million could develop some oncogenic disease as a result of inhaling volatile compounds. It is expected that the results of this research will contribute to a better understanding of air quality in the region and serve as support for the formulation of policies and environmental control measures in Luanda.
With rapid urban and industrial growth comes global concern about air pollution and its impact on human health and the environment. In Luanda, Angola, the same is true, so it is essential to understand and assess the levels of ambient air pollution and their consequences for the population and the local ecosystem. Given this context, the proposed objectives are to spatially characterize the main gaseous pollutants in the Luanda metropolitan area, investigate their main sources and distribution and estimate the possible risks associated with human health. In addition, the research addressed general aspects of the dynamics of air pollutants, their effects on human health and the environment, as well as air quality monitoring methods, highlighting the importance of passive monitoring as a relevant technique in this context. The legal aspects related to air quality were also discussed, providing a broad context for understanding the results obtained. To this end, 25 passive sampling points were selected, in which Radiello diffusive tubes were installed to determine the concentrations of NO2, SO2, O3, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls. The concentration values (μg/m³) of NO2, SO2 and O3 were analysed using the kriging methodology using QGIS software and the Smart-Map plug-in to produce interpolated maps. These spatial dispersion maps indicated that the areas most affected by these pollutants are linked to mobile sources of pollution, i.e. vehicle internal combustion engines. To assess possible effects of gaseous pollutants, VOCs and carbonyl compounds were analysed using a methodology proposed by the USA Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), which allowed us to calculate carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HQ) risks to human health. The estimates for CR and HQ indicated that inhaling the air in the study area can cause health damage, and in the case of chronic exposure, approximately 275 people per million could develop some oncogenic disease as a result of inhaling volatile compounds. It is expected that the results of this research will contribute to a better understanding of air quality in the region and serve as support for the formulation of policies and environmental control measures in Luanda.
Description
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Keywords
Krigagem Saúde humana Qualidade do ar Exposição crónica Risco carcinogénico