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A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) tem grande importância econômica e social em Portugal. Com a intensificação dos processos industriais e concentração populacional, a quantidade de resíduos gerados vem aumentando, assim como a preocupação com o seu destino. Uma alternativa é a aplicação destes resíduos como fertilizantes agrícolas. Outra preocupação atual, é a utilização de compostos que contribuam para o sequestro de carbono no solo, como é o uso de biochar. Ambos, os resíduos e biochar, além de contribuirem ao desenvolvimento das plantas, podem melhorar as propriedades do solo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resposta da oliveira à aplicação associada de biochar como condicionador do solo e de resíduos orgânicos como fertilizantes. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 1) biochar 10 (equivalente a 10 t ha-1) + adubação NPK; 2) biochar 10 + resíduos cogumelos 20; 3) biochar 10 + resíduos lagar de azeite 20; 4) biochar 10 + RSU 20; 5) biochar 20; 6) biochar 10; 7) adubação NPK; e 8) testemunha sem adubação. O ensaio decorreu em Vila Real e consistiu no cultivo de oliveiras jovens em vasos de 10 kg, utilizando um delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Nas plantas avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca separada em folhas, caules e raízes e a determinação do teor de nutrientes. No solo, avaliou-se o teor de nutrientes, o pH e a matéria orgânica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos as médias foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Não houve diferença em função dos tratamentos para a matéria seca. Na concentração de nutrientes nos tecidos encontrou-se diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio e boro. A maioria dos tratamentos tiveram concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas dentro dos intervalos de suficiência estabelecidos para a cultura, com exceção de nitrogênio e cálcio que não alcançaram concentrações adequadas para nenhum dos tratamentos. O caule apresentou maior exportação de nutrientes que as outras partes da planta, tendo fósforo e potássio apresentado diferença estatística. Nos solos não foi registada diferença em carbono orgânico entre os tratamentos. Na concentração de nitratos em extratos de membranas de troca aniônica, os valores mais elevados encontraram-se associados aos tratamentos com NPK. Os solos de todos os tratamentos foram classificados como ácidos. As bases de trocas diferiram entre tratamentos, havendo relação com a composição inicial do fertilizante. Os teores de nutrientes no solo não apresentaram diferença para os micronutrientes nem para o fósforo, no entanto, o potássio apresentou diferença estatística. Conclui-se que os resíduos orgânicos podem ser uma fonte alternativa de nutrientes para a oliveira. O uso de biochar como condicionador do solo não influenciou de forma significativa a performance das plantas, talvez por falta de envelhecimento no solo.
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) has a huge economic and social importance in Portugal. Due to the industry processes intensification and population concentration, the quantity of residues generated has increased as much as the concern about its final destination. One alternative is the application of these residues as fertilizers. Another current concern is the use of compounds that contribute to soil carbon sequestration, such as the use of biochar. Both residues and biochar, contribute to plant development and improve the soil properties. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of olive tree to the associated application of biochar as soil conditioner and organic residues as fertilizers. The treatments used were: 1) biochar 10 (equivalent to 10 t ha-1) + NPK fertilization; 2) biochar 10 + mushroom residue 20; 3) biochar 10 + olive mill residue 20; 4) biochar 10 + MSW 20; 5) biochar 20; 6) biochar 10; 7) NPK fertilizer; and 8) control without fertilization. The experiment was carried out in Vila Real and it consisted in young olive tree cultivation in 10 kg pots, using a completely randomized design with four replications. In the plants, the production of dry matter was separated in leaves, stems and roots and the determination of the nutrient content were evaluated. In the soil, the nutrient content, pH and organic matter were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant, the means were compared using the Tukey test (α = 0,05). There was no difference in the treatments for dry matter. To the concentration of nutrients in the tissues was found statistical difference among the treatments for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and boron. Most of the treatments had foliar nutrient concentration within the sufficiency intervals established for the crop, with the exception of nitrogen and calcium that did not reach adequate concentrations for any of the treatments. The stem had greater nutrient uptake than other parts of the plant, with phosphorus and potassium statistical difference. No difference in organic carbon among treatments was found in soils. The NPK treatments had the highest values to the anion exchange membrane concentration. Soils of all treatments were classified as acidic soils. The exchangeable cations had difference among the treatments and it had relation with the initial composition of the fertilizer. Neither micronutrients nor phosphorus had difference in the soil nutrient content, however, potassium showed a statistical difference. In conclusion, the organic residue can be an alternative source of nutrients for the olive tree. The use of biochar as a soil conditioner did not influence significantly the plant performance, perhaps due to lack of soil aging.
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) has a huge economic and social importance in Portugal. Due to the industry processes intensification and population concentration, the quantity of residues generated has increased as much as the concern about its final destination. One alternative is the application of these residues as fertilizers. Another current concern is the use of compounds that contribute to soil carbon sequestration, such as the use of biochar. Both residues and biochar, contribute to plant development and improve the soil properties. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of olive tree to the associated application of biochar as soil conditioner and organic residues as fertilizers. The treatments used were: 1) biochar 10 (equivalent to 10 t ha-1) + NPK fertilization; 2) biochar 10 + mushroom residue 20; 3) biochar 10 + olive mill residue 20; 4) biochar 10 + MSW 20; 5) biochar 20; 6) biochar 10; 7) NPK fertilizer; and 8) control without fertilization. The experiment was carried out in Vila Real and it consisted in young olive tree cultivation in 10 kg pots, using a completely randomized design with four replications. In the plants, the production of dry matter was separated in leaves, stems and roots and the determination of the nutrient content were evaluated. In the soil, the nutrient content, pH and organic matter were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant, the means were compared using the Tukey test (α = 0,05). There was no difference in the treatments for dry matter. To the concentration of nutrients in the tissues was found statistical difference among the treatments for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and boron. Most of the treatments had foliar nutrient concentration within the sufficiency intervals established for the crop, with the exception of nitrogen and calcium that did not reach adequate concentrations for any of the treatments. The stem had greater nutrient uptake than other parts of the plant, with phosphorus and potassium statistical difference. No difference in organic carbon among treatments was found in soils. The NPK treatments had the highest values to the anion exchange membrane concentration. Soils of all treatments were classified as acidic soils. The exchangeable cations had difference among the treatments and it had relation with the initial composition of the fertilizer. Neither micronutrients nor phosphorus had difference in the soil nutrient content, however, potassium showed a statistical difference. In conclusion, the organic residue can be an alternative source of nutrients for the olive tree. The use of biochar as a soil conditioner did not influence significantly the plant performance, perhaps due to lack of soil aging.
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Keywords
Olea europaea Resíduos orgânicos Análise foliar Análises de solos Membranas de troca aniônica Condicionador do solo