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Desenvolvimento de fibras naturais para filamentos sustentáveis em impressão 3D
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Nos últimos anos, tem-se verificado uma crescente preocupação ambiental que tem levado a indústria e a comunidade científica a procurar alternativas aos plásticos convencionais derivados do petróleo. Estes materiais, de origem fóssil, apresentam uma elevada persistência ambiental e contribuem de forma significativa para a poluição.
Entre as alternativas estudadas, o ácido poliláctico (PLA) destaca-se por ser obtido a partir de fontes vegetais e por ser biodegradável. No entanto, o PLA apresenta algumas limitações, nomeadamente rigidez elevada e fraca resistência ao impacto, fatores que restringem a sua utilização em diversas aplicações. Para ultrapassar estas limitações, tem sido estudada a incorporação de fibras naturais como reforço, de modo a melhorar as propriedades mecânicas do material e aumentar a sua durabilidade.
Entre as fibras de origem vegetal, as lignocelulósicas, como as de cânhamo, linho e castanha, têm despertado particular interesse. As fibras de cânhamo destacam-se pela rigidez e resistência, o linho pela flexibilidade e capacidade de absorção de impactos, e as fibras de castanha, embora menos exploradas, revelam propriedades comparáveis às mais utilizadas, mostrando potencial para futuras aplicações.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade da utilização destas fibras naturais na melhoria de filamentos destinados à impressão 3D, uma tecnologia de fabrico aditivo baseada na deposição camada a camada. Para tal, foram desenvolvidos processos de extração e caracterização de fibras, bem como ensaios mecânicos. A hipótese central é que as fibras naturais possam substituir as fibras sintéticas, originando produtos mais sustentáveis sem comprometer a qualidade.
Se os resultados forem favoráveis, este estudo poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento de materiais ambientalmente responsáveis e para a inovação em diferentes setore
In recent years, growing environmental awareness has led both industry and the scientific community to seek alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. These fossil-derived materials are known for their long environmental persistence and significant contribution to pollution. Among the materials studied, polylactic acid (PLA) stands out as a biodegradable polymer obtained from renewable plant-based sources. However, PLA still presents certain limitations, particularly high stiffness and low impact resistance, which restrict its use in various applications. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of natural fibres as reinforcement has been explored, aiming to enhance the mechanical properties and durability of the material. Among the different plant-based fibres, lignocellulosic fibres such as hemp, flax and chestnut have attracted particular attention. Hemp fibres are known for their rigidity and strength, flax fibres for their flexibility and impact absorption capacity, while chestnut fibres, although less studied, exhibit properties comparable to the more traditional ones and show potential for future applications. This work aims to assess the feasibility of using these natural fibres to improve filaments for 3D printing, an additive manufacturing technology based on layer-by-layer deposition. For this purpose, fibre extraction and characterisation processes were developed, along with mechanical testing. The central hypothesis is that natural fibres can replace synthetic ones, leading to more sustainable products without compromising quality. If the results prove favourable, this study may contribute to the development of environmentally responsible materials and foster innovation across different industrial sectors, at a time when sustainability has become an increasingly decisive factor.
In recent years, growing environmental awareness has led both industry and the scientific community to seek alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. These fossil-derived materials are known for their long environmental persistence and significant contribution to pollution. Among the materials studied, polylactic acid (PLA) stands out as a biodegradable polymer obtained from renewable plant-based sources. However, PLA still presents certain limitations, particularly high stiffness and low impact resistance, which restrict its use in various applications. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of natural fibres as reinforcement has been explored, aiming to enhance the mechanical properties and durability of the material. Among the different plant-based fibres, lignocellulosic fibres such as hemp, flax and chestnut have attracted particular attention. Hemp fibres are known for their rigidity and strength, flax fibres for their flexibility and impact absorption capacity, while chestnut fibres, although less studied, exhibit properties comparable to the more traditional ones and show potential for future applications. This work aims to assess the feasibility of using these natural fibres to improve filaments for 3D printing, an additive manufacturing technology based on layer-by-layer deposition. For this purpose, fibre extraction and characterisation processes were developed, along with mechanical testing. The central hypothesis is that natural fibres can replace synthetic ones, leading to more sustainable products without compromising quality. If the results prove favourable, this study may contribute to the development of environmentally responsible materials and foster innovation across different industrial sectors, at a time when sustainability has become an increasingly decisive factor.
Description
Keywords
Sustentabilidade ambiental Plásticos biodegradáveis Reforço com fibras naturais Propriedades mecânicas Polímeros de origem vegetal Cânhamo Linho Castanha Impressão 3D Compósitos ecológicos