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A injeção de caldas é um dos procedimentos de intervenção mais utilizados para reforço e reabilitação das estruturas antigas. O objetivo principal desta prática é reestabelecer a integridade estrutural, aumentando a durabilidade, continuidade e a resistência mecânica de alvenarias de pedra, tijolo ou adobe. O bom funcionamento do processo depende da escolha dos materiais utilizados para a composição da calda, da boa aderência e da compatibilidade física, mecânica e química entre calda e substrato. Além disso, como alvenarias antigas podem apresentar quantidades significativas de sais solúveis em seu interior, é importante que as caldas apresentem boa resistência química aos sais.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal contribuir para o conhecimento referente às caldas de injeção compostas de diversos materiais e verificar o comportamento das caldas quando em contato com cloretos e sulfatos. Para isto, foram estudadas uma calda comercial pré-dosada e duas caldas à base de cal realizadas em laboratório, previamente caracterizadas em suas propriedades mecânicas e reológicas. A pesquisa consistiu no teste de diversas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e de durabilidade destas caldas e sua interação com granito.
Foi efetuada uma campanha experimental envolvendo ensaios de resistência à flexão, à compressão, de capilaridade e de durabilidade com ciclos de cloretos e sulfatos em provetes compostos apenas por calda. Os ensaios de resistência aos sais foram monitorizados através de inspeções visuais, variação de massa e resistência à compressão em diferentes períodos de ensaio. Em provetes contendo calda e granito, após ensaio com ciclos de sais, foram realizados ensaios de compressão uniaxial e de aderência, além de inspeção visual e variação de massa.
Todas as caldas avaliadas no presente estudo apresentaram resultados adequados em situações normais, para ensaios de resistência à flexão, à compressão e de capilaridade. A deterioração acelerada causada pelos sais cloreto e sulfato também não inviabiliza as caldas de serem utilizadas. Mesmo após os ensaios mais danosos, as caldas apresentavam resultados relativamente satisfatórios para a resistência à compressão, dentro dos limites estabelecidos, ainda que com alta variância entre elas.
Ademais, verificou-se que a calda CCM demonstrava bom comportamento para resistência à compressão de cilindros e aderência entre material e pedra. As propriedades apresentavam melhor comportamento perante os sais do que quando eram analisadas isoladamente. Conclui-se que é viável a utilização de caldas a base de cal in situ ou caldas comerciais, com boa durabilidade, podendo ser utilizadas na reabilitação de edificações antigas.
The injection of grouts is one of the most used techniques of intervention for the reinforcement and rehabilitation of old structures. The main purpose of this technique is to reestablish the integrity of the structure, increasing the durability, continuity and the mechanical resistance of stone, brick or adobe masonry. The success of the intervention depends on the choice of materials used for the composition of the grout, the good adherence and the physical, mechanical and chemical compatibility between grout and substrate. In addition, as old masonry can contain significant amounts of soluble salts in its interior, it is important that the grouts also have good chemical resistance to the salts. The present work had as main objective to contribute to the knowledge regarding the injection grouts composed of different materials and to verify the behavior of the grouts when in contact with chlorides and sulfates. For this, a pre-dosed commercial grout and two lime-based grouts made in laboratory, previously characterized in their mechanical and rheological properties, were studied. The research consisted of testing physical, mechanical and durability properties of these grouts and their interaction with granite. An experimental campaign was carried out involving tests of flexural resistance, compression resistance, capillarity and durability after cycles of chlorides and sulfates, in specimens composed only by grouts. The salt resistance tests were monitored through visual inspections, mass variation and compressive strength in different periods of the test. In specimens containing grout and granite, after cycles of salts, uniaxial compression and adhesion tests were carried out, in addition to visual inspection and mass variation. All grouts evaluated in the present study showed adequate results in normal situations, for flexural resistance, compression resistance and capillarity tests. The accelerated deterioration caused by the chloride and sulfate salts also does not preclude the grouts from being used. Even after the most damaging tests, the grouts presented relatively satisfactory results for compression resistance tests, within the preestablished limits, even with the high amplitude of results. Furthermore, it was found that the CCM grout showed good behavior for compression resistance of cylinders and adhesion between material and stone. The properties performed better in its interaction with granite, after cycles of salt, than when analyzed by itself. It can be concluded that it is feasible to use lime-based grouts made in situ or commercial grouts, presenting good durability, with its use being viable in the rehabilitation of old buildings.
The injection of grouts is one of the most used techniques of intervention for the reinforcement and rehabilitation of old structures. The main purpose of this technique is to reestablish the integrity of the structure, increasing the durability, continuity and the mechanical resistance of stone, brick or adobe masonry. The success of the intervention depends on the choice of materials used for the composition of the grout, the good adherence and the physical, mechanical and chemical compatibility between grout and substrate. In addition, as old masonry can contain significant amounts of soluble salts in its interior, it is important that the grouts also have good chemical resistance to the salts. The present work had as main objective to contribute to the knowledge regarding the injection grouts composed of different materials and to verify the behavior of the grouts when in contact with chlorides and sulfates. For this, a pre-dosed commercial grout and two lime-based grouts made in laboratory, previously characterized in their mechanical and rheological properties, were studied. The research consisted of testing physical, mechanical and durability properties of these grouts and their interaction with granite. An experimental campaign was carried out involving tests of flexural resistance, compression resistance, capillarity and durability after cycles of chlorides and sulfates, in specimens composed only by grouts. The salt resistance tests were monitored through visual inspections, mass variation and compressive strength in different periods of the test. In specimens containing grout and granite, after cycles of salts, uniaxial compression and adhesion tests were carried out, in addition to visual inspection and mass variation. All grouts evaluated in the present study showed adequate results in normal situations, for flexural resistance, compression resistance and capillarity tests. The accelerated deterioration caused by the chloride and sulfate salts also does not preclude the grouts from being used. Even after the most damaging tests, the grouts presented relatively satisfactory results for compression resistance tests, within the preestablished limits, even with the high amplitude of results. Furthermore, it was found that the CCM grout showed good behavior for compression resistance of cylinders and adhesion between material and stone. The properties performed better in its interaction with granite, after cycles of salt, than when analyzed by itself. It can be concluded that it is feasible to use lime-based grouts made in situ or commercial grouts, presenting good durability, with its use being viable in the rehabilitation of old buildings.
Descrição
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Palavras-chave
Caldas de injeção Durabilidade Resistência aos sais Restauro