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- Emigration, retour et agriculture dans un village de Trás-os-Montes (Portugal)Publication . Nobre, SílviaAs a complex phenomenon, migration leads necessarily to changes in the concerned societies, either the departure society or the destination one, the former being in most cases rural based with agriculture as a main activity. Setting as a research field that rural and agrarian society, this study tries to identify factors conditioning the migration flow. It also attempts to understand the mechanisms of a changing community due to the return of migrant people back to their original village. A case study conducted in Pinela, a village of Northeastern Portugal, permited a local approach to the outlined research topics. Information, gathered from inquire techniques and written sources of different nature, has been treated by means of data analysis methods. "Landownership expectation", as it was coded here, provides an explanatory basis for migration flow in Pinela. This factor corresponds to the area owned by a family divided by the number of their children, and assesses the possibilities for children to expect a continuity in agriculture and, hence, in the village. Moreover, former migrants back in the village are active changing agents, as they commit themselves in new and diversified activities at the community level, although remaining farmers as they originally were.
- Desenvolvimento de ferramentas de gestão e de apoio à decisão para dinamizar o setor florestal do Nordeste TransmontanoPublication . Azevedo, João; Nunes, Luís; Nobre, Sílvia; Fonseca, Felícia; Péres-Rodrigues, FernandoO setor florestal da região do Nordeste Transmontano (Região PROF do Nordeste) apresenta uma série de constrangimentos estruturais que impedem a sua natural emergência num período aparentemente favorável considerando o aumento da disponibilidade de material lenhoso da região relacionado com o crescimento e maturidade das florestas aqui instaladas a partir de meados do século XX e o aumento da procura de material lenhoso pela indústria química, da construção e mobiliário e da energia em Portugal e no resto da Europa. No âmbito de um projeto de investigação aplicada à escala europeia, foram identificados as principais barreiras e condicionantes do setor florestal do Nordeste bem como as principais oportunidades que se lhe apresentam. A fim de lidar com obstáculos como falta de informação, falta de conhecimento e falta de ferramentas de apoio à gestão e decisão florestal, foram desenvolvidas ferramentas inovadoras de gestão florestal que operam a múltiplas escalas assim como um simulador espacialmente explicito da oferta de material lenhoso com base em modelos de crescimento, procura e relação oferta-procura. No seu conjunto, estas ferramentas formam um sistema de apoio à decisão que permite analisar cenários de procura, produção e exploração florestal, de gestão de povoamentos, da paisagem e do território, possibilitando a avaliação dinâmica de recursos florestais e a otimização da gestão em função de objetivos que se pretende atingir ou testar. Em 2015 iniciou-se um processo de transferência de tecnologia e conhecimento com base nestas ferramentas tendo como alvo agentes que operam a diferentes escalas, desde o povoamento/proprietário individual à região/planeador, envolvendo proprietários, associações florestais e outras, empresários, consultores, técnicos do ICNF, de Câmaras municipais e de outros serviços públicos, e decisores destas instituições. Diferentes eventos têm vindo a ser organizados expondo, treinando e consciencializando os agentes do setor, decisores políticos e população em geral relativamente à importância e significado económico das florestas da região e do potencial de desenvolvimento sustentável da região que estas encerram. Procura-se na fase atual do projeto assegurar que as ferramentas produzidas sejam efetivamente adotadas pelo setor e que as mesmas permitam encontrar as melhores soluções técnicas e económicas de gestão florestal mas também motivar um setor com défice de dinâmica empresarial. Procura-se promover investimentos na região que aumentem a procura local de material lenhoso e possam gerar negócios e emprego o desenvolvimento sustentável do Nordeste de Portugal.
- Terrains communaux à Trás-os-Montes: de la productíon forestière, à la valorisatíon dês ressources naturellcs et du paysagePublication . Nobre, SílviaLa production forestière, la valorisation dês ressources naturelles et du paysase à 1'heure actuelle sont ésalement de nouvelles façons pertinentes d'utiliser cês espaces résultant de sés ressources, la valeur naturelle et paysasère Tout au lons de la deuxième moitié du 20éme siècle, lês terrains communaux au Portugal ont connu différents moments (Rodrisues, 2009): Jusqu'à la fín dês années 50 doXXème siècle il yavait une utilisation intense de cês terrains, car lês communautés dês villases lês utilisait comme une extension de sés exploitations asricoles. A partir dês années 60, 1'Etat a pris en main la sestion de cês terrains. Lintervention de 1'Étatvisaityfaire dês plantations forestières et ils ne pouvaient plus être utilisés par lês résidents (asriculteurs) auxvillases. Après 1974 lês terrains communaux ont été dévolus aux populations dês villages. La forêt dês terrains communaux a eu différents roles dans chaque période. Après 74 el lê est la principale source de revenu, mais actuellement sont aussi importantes autres activités dans cês espaces, par 1'utilisation de différents ressources naturelles ainsi que para la valeur naturel du paysase. Dans cette communication, en analysant un cãs concret à Trás-os-Montes, nous allons mettre en évidence dês nouvelles formes de sestion de cês territoires face à la nouvelle lésislation, ainsi qu'exposer lês principaux opportunités et contraints qui se presente.
- Entre Pinela e Paris: emigração e regressosPublication . Portela, José; Nobre, SílviaEste artigo surge no âmbito do projecto de investigação «Envelhecimento da população e retorno: desafios ao desenvolvimento agrícola e rural de Trás-os-Montes», o qual decorreu entre 1996 e 1998. O retorno1 constituiu o foco de atenção de uma linha de trabalho específica daquele projecto, na qual se visava identificar e caracterizar os motivos do regresso de migrantes (todos com 55 anos de idade ou mais), as ocupações e actividades do pós- -regresso, os papéis sociais assumidos pelos regressados e o impacte local do retorno. Para este efeito seleccionaram-se quatro aldeias (Pinela, Cimo de Vila Castanheira, Adeganha e Sever), respectivamente distribuídas pelas zonas agro-ecológicas da Terra Fria, Vales Submontanos, Terra Quente e Douro.
- Perfil, hábitos e atitudes do consumidor de carne bovina MirandesaPublication . Oliveira, Edite Manuela Santos; Ribeiro, Maria Isabel; Sousa, Fernando Ruivo de; Nobre, SílviaO objetivo deste estudo é conhecer o perfil, os hábitos e as atitudes dos consumidores da carne mirandesa DOP, a fim de melhor responder às suas necessidades, gostos e hábitos. A investigação efetuou-se com a aplicação direta dos questionários (165 questionários) aos consumidores de carne mirandesa DOP em três locais de venda (Bragança, Chaves, Porto) de Fevereiro a Novembro de 2009. Do total de inquiridos 65% têm idades compreendidas entre os 41 e os 60 anos, 29% possuem como nível de escolaridade o ensino secundário e 20% apresentam um rendimento líquido mensal de 1350 a 1800€, o que significa que para 20% dos inquiridos os rendimentos do seu agregado familiar estão compreendidos entre 3 e 4 Salários Mínimos Nacionais. Nos agregados familiares dos inquiridos (com um mínimo 1 pessoa e um máximo 6 pessoas) maioritariamente é a mulher a responsável pela compra e pela confeção de produtos alimentares, sendo a maioria das compras feita semanalmente. De entre os respondentes 69% frequentam restaurantes de 1 a 3 vezes por mês, e destes, 61% frequentam restaurantes que servem carne mirandesa. Os três aspetos que diferenciam positivamente a carne Mirandesa de acordo com a população inquirida são a tenrura (28%), a suculência (23%) e o sabor (21%). Em relação à compra de pratos pré-cozinhados verificamos que 53% dos consumidores inquiridos se mostram dispostos a comprá-los.
- Innovative contractual arrangement for land management of the commonsPublication . Rodrigues, Orlando; Aguiar, Carlos; Nobre, SílviaToday, there is growing recognition that land management needs to focus on the sustainable use of land and natural resources. Reducing the negative impact of the land use systems on the environment, economy and society is a central societal challenge. Often, in some peripheral or mountain regions, theoretically able to provide important environmental services, the regulatory framework of local communities or central states fails to shape resilient and sustainable land use systems (Blaikie and Brookfield, 2015). The urbanization of societies and the transformation of local communities, with loss of social regulation capacity, produced significant changes on land use systems. Consequently, the transformation of landscapes, produced by rural life styles evolution into urban like models, causes profound changes in the ecological functioning of the landscape and gradually results in a changing of spatial structure (Antrop, 2000). Progress in institutionalist’s research approaches has allowed a better comprehension of the structural components of many local resource use contexts (Healey, 2006). The extent of private decision-making is constrained by the formal legal framework, but also by informal institutional arrangements, with impact on property rights management. The capacity of the local communities to build effective institutional property rights management systems of the land is key issue on the persistence of resilient and sustainable natural resources use contexts (Penker, 2009). Property rights can be held at the individual or group level and, simultaneously, they might be protected at several extents, which allow a wide diversity of configurations. However, the persistence of effective land property rights management systems requires capable institutions to sustain their functionality. The problem often emerges because traditional institutions have not had the capacity to adapt themselves to global social systems change, particularly to demographic changes, and those regulatory systems collapsed. The challenge is how to define institutions that are more capable of responding to ecosystem dynamics and to social systems change. (Miranda, et alt 2006). In some cases, innovative community initiatives in sustainable land management, proved that are resilient solutions that can be managed by local communities. In this context is particular pertinent to analyze the different strategies that local communities develop to manage the common lands in this new context and also how they combine the common and private property land rights (Bromley et alt 1992, Tietenberg 2002). How to stimulate community initiatives in sustainable land management, it is a key issue (William et alt, 2016). In this work, we will discuss the findings from some case studies, which, combining collective use rights of the commons with an innovative contractual arrangement of private exploitation of some common lands, achieved a successful improvement of the community revenue, compared with other similar communities where the commons are in a semi-abandonment situation.
- Protected areas, local knowledge and regional development: are we able to move from theory to practice? A case study in Trás-os-Montes, Northeastern PortugalPublication . Carvalho, Ana Maria; Nobre, SílviaThe Northeastern Portugal is a mountainous marginal region facing severe economic and socio-cultural constrains. Several years ago two natural parks were created (Montesinho Natural Park and Douro International Natural Park) taking advantage of a great diversity of natural and semi-natural habitats as well as humanized landscapes which were/are repositories of natural life and cultural heritage. Conservation policies were designed by outsiders who were culturally detached and then protected areas boundaries, as well as management plans, were mostly based on biological and environmental criteria. Participatory approaches concerning local residents and institutions were neglected or were not implemented. Nowadays, most of us agree that such territories may be used to improve sustainable regional development mainly integrating different activities such as agriculture, forestry, cultural heritage, tourism and education with the conservation and sustainability issues. However these dynamic approaches depend on national and regional development policies and on local communities' involvement and participation. A case study conducted in Trás-os-Montes (Bragança and Miranda do Douro municipalities) describes the actual regional context of the parks, compares different concepts, strategies and instruments being used and discusses the gap between theory and practice.
- Communitarian and urban gardens in BragançaPublication . Nobre, Sílvia; Peixinho, Diana; Rodrigues, M.A.; Carvalho, Ana MariaSince 2011, the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), through the staff Cultural and Recreational Association, welcomes and sponsors a project of communitarian urban gardens carried out in the arable land of its campus. The project was designed to promote community gardening at leisure time, while focusing on organic and sustainable agricultural practices, providing healthy produce and fresh plants, as well as satisfying labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community, connection to the environment and nature, and fostering interaction between users, which come from a broad geographical origin and have different gardening background and knowledge. In order to report motivation, agricultural performances, the species grown, and to estimate the total production, we surveyed 51 gardens and we did consented interviews to 88 users from a total of 120. We have found that traditional gardening practices combine with innovations introduced by modern agricultural technology and scientific research. Moreover, the gardens survey has shown that past and present come together, particularly regarding the array of species cultivated: species and varieties traditionally used in the region (quite important for local cuisine) are grown along with new ones, recently brought in eating habits, that are also considered signs of modernity and globalization. Data provided by the interviews has enabled to estimate the amount of produce harvested in each garden during the spring/summer seasons. Therefore, it was possible to calculate how much each gardener could save by growing vegetables and its contribution to the household budget. Besides being consumed by each household, produce are also shared with family, friends, neighbors and other gardeners, while fresh or after being frozen or made into savory or sweet preserves. The main reasons for gardening are the satisfaction of heating food that is grown by themselves in the garden, the increase awareness of the positive impact of vegetables on health, safety of such food, the particular taste of some local produce and a relaxing and enjoyable activity.
- Dinâmicas da actividade dos agricultores em Trás-os-MontesPublication . Nobre, SílviaConstitui objecto deste estudo a adaptação de indivíduos idosos a novas modalidades de trabalho na agricultura face às crescentes limitações que se lhes vão deparando. Com uma abordagem situada no plano da actividade, aí ressaltam a(s) adaptação(ões) do modo de execução do trabalho agrícola. O estudo empírico realizou-se em Trás-os-Montes e o universo operacional escolhido incluiu idosos criadores de vacas Mirandesas e idosos que florestaram terras agrícolas. A recolha de informação compreendeu a utilização de estatísticas de organizações – Associação de Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Mirandesa, Associação de Produtores Florestais Arborea, Empresa de Florestação Floresta Verde – e a inquirição directa de agricultores idosos cujas actividades se integram nas duas orientações produtivas referidas. Dois eixos de análise – trabalho e relações intergeracionais – são essenciais para a prossecução do objectivo geral da investigação. Este é o de identificar modalidades de trabalho adaptadas à situação familiar, dependentes quer dos interesses patrimoniais, quer das produções obtidas, quer ainda dos rendimentos gerados. As estratégias produtivas e de reprodução do património, em regra, articulam interesses familiares exteriores aos da esfera estrita do agregado doméstico, sendo as relações intergeracionais particularmente importantes para a sua compreensão. Remetem ainda para a discussão acerca do papel dos idosos agricultores no conjunto da sociedade e em particular para a reflexão sobre o modo como esses “activos” se relacionam com os sistemas de protecção social. O estudo detalhado do trabalho de idosos em meio rural destaca um conjunto de factos que desmistifica algumas ideias feitas acerca dos agricultores idosos. Não há evidência que sejam avessos à utilização de novas técnicas nem à introdução de novas culturas. Mostrou-se que ao caminhar para modalidades de agricultura adaptadas às suas crescentes limitações, adoptam com frequência, dominam e aprendem a usar novas técnicas e novos equipamentos, adquirindo novos conhecimentos. O conjunto de idosos activos observado valoriza património, responde às indicações das políticas agrícolas, trabalha adaptando-se quer às suas limitações físicas, quer às hipóteses de contribuições de mão-de-obra. Combinam assim rendimentos patrimoniais, de actividade, e de reformas. The object of this study is the adaptation of aged farmers to new working modes in agriculture in response to the increasing constraints they face with age. Based on an activity approach meant to highlight the adaptations in the performance of in-farm tasks. The empirical study was carried out in Trás-os-Montes and focused on aged farmers raising “Mirandesa”, an autochthonous cattle breed, and those implementing afforestation projects in former cropland. Data collection phase comprised search on the records of organizations studied – “‘Mirandesa’ Cattle Breed Growers Association”, “‘Arborea’, Forest Producers Association”, “Floresta Verde’ Afforestation Company” – as well as interviews to aged farmers involved with the production areas previously mentioned. Two axes of analysis – labour and intergenerational relationships – are essential to pursue the general objective of this research, which is to identify labour modes adapted to family condition, driven by property interests, or productions obtained, or even income. Strategies of production and property reproduction often articulate family interests borne outside the household, making the analysis of intergenerational relationships very helpful to understand these mechanisms. Those relationships also bring on the discussion on the role played by aged farmers in society as a whole and in particular a reflexion on the ways this aged active population relates with social welfare. The detailed study of aged labour in rural areas uncovers a set of facts that help redefine the traditional common vision on aged farmers. There is no evidence they have refused the use of new techniques, nor the introduction of new crops. The study shows that aged farmers when adjusting activities to their age constraints, willingly adopt, master and learn new techniques and how to use new equipment. The set of aged farmers under study actively contributes to valuing property, responds to agricultural policies, adapts progressively either the workload to their physical constraints or to the farmhands supply. Hence, they are able to combine incomes from property, activity and pensions.
- Influential actors’ perceptions of facilitators and instruments for solving future forest land-use disputes in EuropePublication . Aurenhammer, Peter; Ščap, Špela; Krajnc, Nike; Olivar, Jorge; Sabin, Pablo; Nobre, Sílvia; Romagnoli, FrancescoDespite strong expectations regarding the role that forestry, with its multitude of potential benefits, could and should play in the ‘bio-economy’, little research has been done on the actual perceptions of influential actors on how to best address future forest land-use disputes. We want to shed light on whether and in which contexts expectations regarding the bio-economy, e.g., the strong role of markets, are likely. The paper analyses influential actors’ core values and beliefs about the primary facilitators and the most appropriate instruments for resolving disputes over future forest land use. We used Social Network Analysis-based sampling and a quantitative semi-structured questionnaire, which included a preference analysis with twelve items covering broad issues and disputes related to future forest land use, to identify actors’ beliefs about and preferences for facilitators and policy instruments within key issues for future land use. The respondents were asked to identify one of five ‘primary facilitators’ (state, market, society, individual citizens/owners, leave it to nature) and distribute six points to a maximum of three preferred instruments (eight items, covering a broad set of instruments, from dictates or bans to awareness raising). The results are based on the perceptions of the influential or most important actors from various innovative government and private forest initiatives in Bavaria (Germany), Slovenia, Castilla y León (Spain), Nordeste (Portugal), and Latvia (481 actor responses, 109 initiatives). The initiatives included participatory mountain forest initiatives, forest intervention zones, afforestation projects, forest owner associations, and model forest and labelling initiatives. The results provide insight into the similarities and differences between European countries and actor groups regarding the preferred facilitators and instruments for solving future forest problems. In light of disagreement in the literature on the role of the state or markets in future forest land use and the bio-economy, our results show that the market and its instruments are considered to play a dominant role in wood mobilisation. With respect to all other issues (socio-ecological, societal, other), the state or other institutions and their instruments gain priority. The state is considered to play a stronger role in developing new markets, e.g., for energy transition or new uses of wood, contrary to liberal market expectations. Ecological and social problems are considered to be outside of the market domain. Here, the state is called in, e.g., to steer recreational issues, the provision of ecosystem services, or the improvement of the protective function. The clearest preference across all regions is for the state to secure the provision of ecosystem services, in contrast to calls for future markets to regulate this field.