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- Do cultural tourism firms perform better than their rivals?Publication . Santos, EleonoraPrevious studies assume that cultural tourism attract higher socioeconomic groups with higher cultural capital. Accordingly, most cultural tourists are regarded and described as ‘‘up-scaled’’ (mature aged with high education and high income earnings). Bearing this in mind, it might be expected that firms operating in cultural tourism activities earn higher profits and perform better than other kinds of tourism activities. Since there are differences in firm performance, within countries, that are not captured by national aggregates, this paper performs a financial analysis of cultural tourism firms operating in Northern Portugal in 2002-2017 and compares their financial performance with other kinds of tourism firms. Firm level data are collected from the National Tourism Registry and SABI databases. Firms operating in more than one tourism typology were withdrawn. From the registered 732 firms, 74% operate exclusively in cultural tourism, 17% in nautical tourism and 9% operate in nature/adventure tourism. A set of indicators of profitability and financial structure and leverage are applied to a sample of 386 firms. Results show that firms operating in cultural tourism activities have higher average profits, make a more efficient usage of investors’ funds and display a better liquidity position, though the analysis across business cycles appear to indicate that these firms are more vulnerable to periods of crisis and expansion than the remaining tourism firms. Also, the analysis for larger firms shows that cultural tourism firms display better financial structures.
- Outdoor solutions for the seasonal concentration of tourism demand in northern Portugal: an Integrated approach based on the gini indexPublication . Fernandes, Paula Odete; Santos, Eleonora; Nunes, Alcina; Ferrreira, Fernanda A.; Veloso, Cláudia M.; Fonseca, Manuel JoséMeasures that address the seasonality, one of the identified overtourism direct causes, allow making a critical reflection on the application of control policies and monitoring regional measures crucial on a sector with such importance at the regional development analysis. The measures should stimulate or reduce tourism demand during low or peak seasons, respectively, generating a better distribution of tourism flows and eliminating potential overtourism situations. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the development of a Gini Index to analyse the distribution of the seasonality in northern Portugal and through it control current public measures in practice and suggest the implementation of different and more effective policy measures. For instance, the ones that make a clear bet on outdoor tourism activities. It will be used in the Gini Index, by the tourists’ market of origin measured by the overnight stays in hotel establishments. The results showed the high seasonal concentration of tourist flows.
- Measuring nature tourism firms' productivityPublication . Santos, Eleonora; Correia, Alexandra I.; Ferrreira, Fernanda A.; Nunes, Alcina; Veloso, Cláudia M.; Vieira, Elvira Pacheco; Silva, Goretti; Fonseca, Manuel José; Carrança, Paulo; Fernandes, Paula OdeteProductivity measurement has been raising increasing interest in academia and recognized as critically important, since it is an important indicator for understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism sector. This paper constructs two measures of productivity of nature tourism firms, i.e., labour productivity and total factor productivity, and compares firms’ performance across NUTS II regions in mainland Portugal, during 2014-2017. Using data from SABI, Quadros do Pessoal, INE and the National Tourism Registry, the sample comprises 369 firms, representing 55% of firms operating in nature tourism in the mainland. Results show that the levels of TFP, contrary to labour productivity, are very uneven over time and space. In 2015, all regions experienced a negative increase in the TFP, except the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon, which seem to indicate that nature tourism firms in this region are more productive and resilient to external shocks.
- Spatial and temporal concentration of tourism demand in northern Portugal: regional policy recommendations to promote tourism competition and portofolio diversityPublication . Fernandes, Paula Odete; Nunes, Alcina; Veloso, Cláudia M.; Santos, Eleonora; Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Fonseca, Manuel JoséThe northern region of Portugal, in the last years, has experienced a growing number of visitors from different countries, which may indicate the emergence of an overtourism phenomenon in some particular municipalities or specific spaces. This phenomenon may cause significant destruction of the living conditions of residents, landscapes, seascapes, air and water quality, causing economic inequalities and social exclusion. The concentration of tourism activity in different municipality regions can be measured with a well know concentration measured, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Using as variables the number and nationality of visitors and their expenditures it is possible to follow the concentration of tourism visitors and expenditure, all over the 8 NUTIII regions located in the Northen of Portugal, and describe the routes of distribution of the tourism indicators from urban to rural areas following a more nature-oriented tourism. The results serve as a dipping compass for more oriented and well-targeted tourism policies.
- Productivity measurement: the case of nature tourism firms in PortugalPublication . Santos, Eleonora; Correia, Alexandra I.; Ferrreira, Fernanda A.; Nunes, Alcina; Veloso, Cláudia M.; Vieira, Elvira Pacheco; Silva, Goretti; Fonseca, Manuel José; Carrança, Paulo; Fernandes, Paula OdeteProductivity measurement in the tourism sector has been raising increasing interest among researchers and is recognised as an important indicator for understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the sector and for enhancing its spillover effects on the economy. However, studies for Portugal and the particular activities included in the set of nature tourism activities are scarce. To overcome this research gap, this paper calculates the labour productivity and total factor productivity (TFP) measures of nature tourism firms to compare firms’ productivity performance across NUTS II regions in mainland Portugal during 2014–2017. Using data from SABI, Quadros do Pessoal, INE and the National Tourism Registry, the sample consists of 369 firms, representing 55% of firms operating in nature tourism in the mainland. Results show that the levels of TFP, unlike to labour productivity, are uneven over time and space. In 2015, a year of change in the business cycle, all regions experienced a negative increase in TFP except the Metropolitan Region of Lisbon, which seems to indicate that nature tourism in most of the country is less resilient to external economic shocks, performing better in periods of prosperity. Labour productivity growth does not present, in general, consistently positive results.
- Spatial and Temporal Concentration of Tourism Supply and Demand in Northern Portugal. Application of the Herfindahl-Hirschman IndexPublication . Fernandes, Paula Odete; Nunes, Alcina; Veloso, Cláudia M.; Santos, Eleonora; Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Fonseca, Manuel JoséThe northern region of Portugal, in the last years, has experienced the enhancement of tourism demand, which may induce the emergence of an over tourism phenomenon in some particular subregions of the North of Portugal. This phenomenon may cause significant destruction of the living conditions of residents, landscapes, seascapes, air and water quality, causing economic inequalities and social exclusion. The aim of this research paper is to understand if the phenomena of over tourism is present in the North of Portugal and if it changed overtime. The concentration of tourism activity in different municipality subregions can be measured with the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index a well know economic concentration measure. Using as variables the number guest and their expenditure in accommodation, to measure the demand, and the number of establishments, bedrooms and lodging capacity to measure the supply was possible to follow the concentration of tourism demand and supply in the 8 NUTIII regions located in the North of Portugal. The results showed that a specific subregion–Area Metropolitan do Porto–concentrates both the tourism demand and supply in the years 2014 and 2017, despite the increasing values found for all the variables in the 8 subregions. When it is observed a decrease in the levels of concentration are the subregions near by the most concentrate one that increase the share of tourism demand and supply. More rural and less populated areas need more targeted and specific policies measures to attract even more visitors
- Demand and supply of outdoor tourism activities in Northern Portugal: a survey-based approachPublication . Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Fernandes, Paula Odete; Santos, Eleonora; Correia, Alexandra I.; Nunes, Alcina; Veloso, Cláudia M.; Vieira, Elvira Pacheco; Silva, Goretti; Fonseca, Manuel José; Carrança, Paulo; Rachão, SusanaThis paper focuses on the North of Portugal, as a diversified region with unique natural resources, to create information regarding both resources and equipment and business dynamics; the evolution of tourism supply and demand.