Loading...
8 results
Search Results
Now showing 1 - 8 of 8
- Fixação e libertação de Zn por musgos aquáticos (Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex. Hedw.)Publication . Martins, Ramiro; Boaventura, RuiA acumulação e posterior eliminação de zinco por uma briófita aquática- Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex Hedw.- foi estudada experimentalmente em laboratório, expondo a planta a quatro concentrações de zinco na gama, 1.0-5.0 durante o período de contaminação (144 horas), seguido dum período de descontaminação (120 horas) em contacto com água isenta de metal. As experiências foram conduzidas em tanques perfeitamente agitados e a luminosidade controlada, sendo usados musgos colhidos em Fevereiro de 1997, com concentração inicial de Zn de 263.5 em peso seco. Foi usado um modelo cinético de transferência de massa de 1ª ordem no ajuste dos dados experimentais por forma a determinar as constantes de acumulação e eliminação, e , a concentração de Zn no musgo no final do período de contaminação, , e as concentrações de equilíbrio no final dos períodos de contaminação e descontaminação, e , respectivamente.
- Modelling of lead removal by an aquatic mossPublication . Martins, Ramiro; Boaventura, RuiAquatic bryophytes are frequently used as biomonitors for trace metals in aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, their special characteristics also allow using them as biosorbents to clean industrial wastewaters. As biosorption is a low cost and effective method for treating metal-bearing wastewaters, understanding the process kinetics is relevant for design purposes. In this study, the ability of the aquatic bryophyte Fontinalis antipyretica to remove lead from simulated wastewaters was evaluated. Three kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich) were fitted to the experimental data and compared by the F-test. Previously, the effect on biosorption of parameters such as the initial solution pH, contact time and initial metal ion concentration was investigated. The initial pH of the solution was found to have an optimum value is in the range 4.0-6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacity of lead by Fontinalis antipyretica increased with the initial metal concentration. For an initial metal concentration of 10 mg L-1, the uptake capacity at equilibrium was 4.8 mg g-1. Nevertheless, when the initial concentration increased up to 100 mg L-1, the uptake of lead was 10 times higher. The pseudo-second order biosorption kinetic model provided the better correlation with the experimental data (R2=1.00). The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms to the present system was also assessed. The maximum lead sorption capacity by Fontinalis antipyretica was 68 mg g-1.
- Accumulation and release of Pb(II) in aqueous solution by aquatic mosses (Fontinalis antipyretica)Publication . Martins, Ramiro; Freitas, Olga; Vilar, Vítor J.P.; Boaventura, RuiThe uptake and release of Pb(II) by Fontinalis antipyretica was studied in laboratory, by exposing the plants to different lead concentrations for 144 h and 335 h contamination and decontamination periods, respectively. A first order kinetic model was fitted to the experimental data to determine the uptake and release constants, k1 and k2, and other relevant parameters. The metal accumulation capacity, at equilibrium, follows the order: Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II) > Cr(VI). A Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and a Biological Elimination Factor (BEF) were also determined; for 0.9–2.2 mg Pb l–1, BCF decreases from about 30748 to 21296.
- Uptake and release of zinc by aquatic bryophytes (Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex. Hedw.)Publication . Martins, Ramiro; Boaventura, RuiThe zinc uptake and posterior release by an aquatic bryophyte—Fontinalis antipyretica L. Ex Hedw.—was experimentally studied in laboratory exposing the plants to different zinc concentrations in the range, 1.0–5.0 mg l 1, for a 144 h contamination period, and then exposed to metal-free water for a 120 h decontamination period. The experiments were carried out in perfectly mixed contactors at controlled illumination, using mosses picked out in February 1997, with a background initial zinc concentration of 263mg g 1 (dry wt.). A first-order mass transfer kinetic model was fitted to the experimental data to determine the uptake and release constants, k1 and k2; the zinc concentration in mosses at the end of the uptake period, Cmu; and at the equilibrium, for the contamination and decontamination stages, Cme and Cmr; respectively. A bioconcentration factor, BCF ¼ k1=k2 (zinc concentration in the plant, dry wt./zinc concentration in the water) was determined. A biological elimination factor defined as BEF ¼ 1 Cmr=Cmu was also calculated. BCF decreases from about 4500 to 2950 as Zn concentration in water increases from 1.05 to 3.80mg l 1. BEF is approximately constant and equal to 0.80. Comparing Zn and Cu accumulation by Fontinalis antipyretica, it was concluded that the uptake rate for Zn (145 h 1) is much lower than for Cu (628 h 1) and the amount retained by the plant decreased by a factor of about seven.
- Acumulação e libertação de metais pesados por briófitas aquáticasPublication . Martins, RamiroTradicionalmente a remoção de metais pesados de efluentes é feita usando diversas técnicas (precipitação, electrólise, permuta iónica, osmose inversa, adsorção), normalmente dispendiosas e/ou pouco eficientes para soluções diluídas. A biossorção, processo em que materiais naturais ou seus derivados são usados na remoção e recuperação de metais pesados, proporciona um tratamento alternativo competitivo, pelo que os respectivos parâmetros cinéticos e de equilíbrio devem ser bem conhecidos, de modo a prevenir fracassos na sua aplicação. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objectivo estudar os processos de bioacumulação/eliminação e de biossorção de Cd(II), Cr(VI), Pb(II) e Zn(II) pelo musgo aquático Fontinalis antipyretica, espécie largamente dispersa nos lagos e rios Portugueses. Os musgos aquáticos são capazes de acumular iões metálicos em solução aquosa e de libertá-los parcialmente quando expostos em água isenta de metal. Desempenham um papel importante na avaliação e na remoção de elementos tóxicos na água. A vantagem dos musgos relativamente a uma amostragem directa da água é que o seu uso permite uma integração de variações no espaço e no tempo, favorece o nível de quantificação do contaminante por concentração dos elementos tóxicos e fornece informação acerca das espécies biodisponíveis. Foram realizadas treze experiências laboratoriais em contínuo para determinar as cinéticas de acumulação e libertação de metal pelo musgo. Um modelo cinético de transferência de massa de primeira ordem (modelo de dois compartimentos) foi ajustado aos resultados experimentais, para determinar as constantes de acumulação e de eliminação, k1 e k2, a concentração de metal nos musgos no fim do período de acumulação, Cmu, e no equilíbrio, para as fases de contaminação e descontaminação, Cme e Cmr, respectivamente. Foram determinados factores de bioconcentração, BCF = k1 / k2, e de eliminação biológica, BEF = 1 - Cmr / Cmu. Para avaliação dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo de acumulação global dos metais foram estudados o efeito da concentração do metal, do pH do meio, da temperatura, da intensidade luminosa, do estado fisiológico da biomassa (época de colheita), da natureza da biomassa (viva/morta), da dureza da água e da realização de ciclos de contaminação/descontaminação consecutivos. Foram ainda realizadas experiências cinéticas e de equilíbrio em adsorvedor fechado, para avaliar o potencial do musgo como biossorvente de metais pesados em futuras aplicações industriais. Numa avaliação preliminar deste tipo de biossorvente, foi estudada a influência de alguns parâmetros operacionais, como o tempo de contacto, a concentração inicial de metal, a concentração de musgo usada e a presença de outros iões metálicos, na cinética de acumulação de Cd(II), Cr(VI), Pb(II) e Zn(II). Ajustaram-se diferentes modelos cinéticos – Lagergren, pseudo-segunda ordem, segunda ordem modificado de Ritchie, de Elovich e Sorção Dinâmica – aos resultados experimentais obtidos em adsorvedor fechado. O modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem foi o que conduziu ao melhor ajuste. Nos ensaios de equilíbrio em sistema fechado foi avaliada a influência da concentração inicial de ião metálico, pH inicial, temperatura, dureza da água e natureza do sal de metal usado no processo de biossorção. Ajustaram-se quatro modelos de equilíbrio – Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson e Langmuir-Freundlich – aos resultados experimentais tendo-se obtido parâmetros estatisticamente significativos para os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Para um nível de confiança de 95% qualquer dos dois modelos descreve adequadamente os resultados experimentais. A eliminação de metais pesados em solução aquosa por biossorção em musgos aquáticos revelou-se um processo interessante, podendo ser aplicado na purificação de águas residuais industriais contendo metais. A capacidade máxima de biossorção de qualquer um dos iões metálicos é elevada, apresentando valores da mesma ordem de grandeza ou mesmo superiores aos obtidos com outros biossorventes.
- Removal of Pb(II) from wastewaters by fontinalis antipyretica biomass: experimental study and modellingPublication . Martins, Ramiro; Vilar, Vítor J.P.; Boaventura, RuiAquatic bryophytes are frequently used as biomonitors for trace metals in aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, their special characteristics also allow using them as biosorbents to clean industrial wastewaters. As biosorption is a low cost and effective method for treating metal-bearing wastewaters, understanding the process kinetics is relevant for design purposes. In this study, the ability of the aquatic bryophyte Fontinalis antipyretica to remove lead from simulated wastewaters was evaluated. Previously, the effect on biosorption of parameters such as the initial solution pH, contact time and initial metal ion concentration was investigated. The biosorption process is highly pH-dependent, and the favorable pH for maximum Pb2+ adsorption on the aquatic moss was found to have an optimum value in the range 4.0-6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacity of lead by Fontinalis antipyretica increased with the initial metal concentration. For an initial metal concentration of 10 mg L-1, the uptake capacity at equilibrium was 4.8 mg g-1. Nevertheless, when the initial concentration increased up to 100 mg L-1, the uptake of lead was 10 times higher. Maximum adsorption rates were achieved almost in the first 10-20 min of contact, and a further increase in the contact time had a negligible effect on the Pb2+ sorption. Three kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich) were fitted to the experimental data and compared by the F-test. The pseudo-second order biosorption kinetic model provided the better correlation with the experimental data . Probably the chemisorption is the rate-limiting step and the biosorption mechanism follows a pseudo-second order reaction model. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms to the present system was also assessed. The equilibrium experimental data of lead sorption was very well described by the Langmuir model with R^2 values exceeding 0.993. The maximum lead sorption capacity by Fontinalis antipyretica attained a value of 68 mg of lead ions per gram of aquatic moss.
- Cadmium(II) and zinc(II) adsorption by the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica: Effect of temperature, pH and water hardnessPublication . Martins, Ramiro; Pardo, Rosana; Boaventura, RuiThe biosorption of cadmium(II) and zinc(II) ions onto dried Fontinalis antipyretica, a widely spread aquatic moss, was studied under different values of temperature, initial pH and water hardness. The equilibrium was well described by Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Maximum biosorption capacity of cadmium was independent on temperature and averaged 28.0mg g 1 moss, whereas for zinc, capacity increased with temperature, from 11.5mg g 1 moss at 5 C to 14.7mg g 1 moss at 30 C. Optimum adsorption pH value was determined as 5.0 for both metal ions. Cadmium uptake was unaffected by the presence of calcium ions, but zinc sorption was improved when water hardness increased from 101.1 to 116.3mg CaCO3 l 1. Inversely, as hardness increases, the competition with calcium ions strongly reduces the affinity of the biosorbent for zinc.
- Modelling of lead removal by aquatic an mossPublication . Martins, Ramiro; Boaventura, RuiAquatic bryophytes are frequently used as biomonitors for trace metals in aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, their special characteristics also allow using them as biosorbents to clean industrial wastewaters. As biosorption is a low cost and effective method for treating metal-bearing wastewaters, understanding the process kinetics is relevant for design purposes. In this study, the ability of the aquatic bryophyte Fontinalis antipyretica to remove lead from simulated wastewaters was evaluated. Three kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich) were fitted to the experimental data and compared by the F-test. Previously, the effect on biosorption of parameters such as the initial solution pH, contact time and initial metal ion concentration was investigated. The initial pH of the solution was found to have an optimum value is in the range 4.0-6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacity of lead by Fontinalis antipyretica increased with the initial metal concentration. For an initial metal concentration of 10 mg L-1, the uptake capacity at equilibrium was 4.8 mg g-1. Nevertheless, when the initial concentration increased up to 100 mg L-1, the uptake of lead was 10 times higher. The pseudo-second order biosorption kinetic model provided the better correlation with the experimental data (R2=1.00). The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms to the present system was also assessed. The maximum lead sorption capacity by Fontinalis antipyretica was 68 mg g-1.