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- Caracterização, terapêutica e controlo da hipertensão arterial em utentes de farmácias do Conselho de Vila Nova de FamalicãoPublication . Botas, Joana; Carvalhal, Daniela; Ferreira, Maria José Marinho; Pereira, Olívia R.; Pinto, Isabel C.Arterial Hypertension (AHT) is one of the most concerning health issues worldwide, due to its importance as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Objectives: Determine the proportion of AHT, characterize the disease, therapeutics and related factors on users of 2 Pharmacies of Vila Nova de Famalicão city. Materials and Methods: It was performed a descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study included 352 users of 2 Pharmacies from Vila Nova de Famalicão. The data was collected using a questionnaire and an automatic blood pressure (BP) measuring device. Results and Discussion: The proportion of self-reported HTA was 34.4%, mostly in older age groups (66.7% and 82.4% for users with 62-72 and 84-95 years, respectively). Moreover, an important amount of hypertensive users didn’t have their BP values controlled, with values of 38% and 49% for high diastolic and high systolic BP, respectively. Concerning the pharmacological treatment, 24.8% of the hypertensive users do not take medication, most of them due to the lack of symptoms (44.2%). Diuretics were the medicines more used in AHT therapeutics (19.9%) followed by Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (14.9%), which is according to the Portuguese treatment guidelines. Some risk factors identified as associated with AHT were the age (p<0.001), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p=0.001), CVD factor history [stroke (p<0.001), heart attack (p=0.001), dyslipidemia (p<0.001), diabetes (p=0.001)] and family history of AHT (p<0.001). All of them are reported in the literature as related factors with AHT and globally as CVD. Conclusion: The AHT was more prevalent in older age groups, with high BMI and individual CVD history, being diuretics and ACE inhibitors the most used therapy.
- Self-Medication in a Northern Town of PortugalPublication . Pinto, Isabel C.; Coelho, Joana C.M.M.; Teixeira, Ana; Bernardo, Carlos; Vaz, CristinaSelf-medication is defined as the consumption of a drug without guidance or prescription of competent professionals, in which the patient decides that the product will be used. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and frequency of self-medication; characterize the therapy used, reasons, verify the occurrence of undesirable effects and knowledge about the risks; and to determine associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional and correlational study, had a sample of 330 individuals, 57.0% females and 43.0% males, aged between 18 and 88 years (mean 41.3). Data collection was carried out through a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analyses were applied measures of central tendency and dispersion, and the chi-square considering a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 87.6%, of which 78.2% self-medicated in the last year, the majority only a few times per year (81.2%), with a minority that makes daily (0.9%). The drugs most frequently used are Paracetamol (75.8%) and Ibuprofen (61.2%), headaches (67.0%) and colds (65.2%) being the main reasons. Among individuals who self-medicate, 52.1% admit to inform physician of non-prescribed drugs used and 83.0% reported not having notied the occurrence of undesirable effects. Of all individuals surveyed, 88.2% claim that self-medication is dangerous for health. Gender and educational level appear to be associated with self-medication (p<0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Self-medication is highly prevalent, but infrequent over the year. The analgesics and anti-inflammatorys are the most used due to headaches and colds. Self-medication is considered risky to health and appears to be linked to gender and education level
- Therapy adherence in elderly of Northern PortugalPublication . Pinto, Isabel C.; Pereira, Fernando A.; Mateos-Campos, R.The elderly population has been growing significantly, leading to an increased prevalence of chronic diseases and consequent taking medication. The complex therapies of elderly can lead to therapy non-adherence, increasing several health risks. Aim: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of therapy adherence and associated factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on a questionnaire, with MAT scale (measure of adherence to therapy) validated for the Portuguese population (Delgado & Lima, 2001) adapted from other scales (Morisky, 1986; Ramalhinho, 1994; Shea, 1992), applied to 52 elderly (≥65 years) from northern Portugal. To assess therapy adherence, those whose average adherence levels were ≥5, were called adherent. It was used descriptive statistics. The level of association between categories of variables was studied through the adjusted residuals (AdR) and the relationship between adherence to the therapeutic and the number of medications taken per day was studied using the Mann-Whitney U test, with a significance level of 5%. The study was approved by Ethics Committee. Results: The sample consisted mainly of males elderly (61.5% vs. 38.5%), aged between 67 and 98 years (mean 82.71), and while 48.1% was between 75-84 years old. The participants shows high therapy adherence (96.2%). The non-adherent elderly are related to self-medication (AdR=4.3), with the high level of cholesterol (AdR=2.9) and chronic pain (AdR=2.9). The non-adherent elderly seem tend to take more drugs per day, although not statistically significant (p=0.063). Conclusions: This study shows that a large prevalence of elderly adhered to the therapy prescribed. Self-medication, having high cholesterol and chronic pain and higher number of different drugs per day seem related to non-adherence.
- Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication in elderly of Northern PortugalPublication . Pinto, Isabel C.; Pereira, Fernando A.; Mateos-Campos, R.Introduction: The growing aging of population and increasing prevalence of chronic diseases require the simultaneous use of drugs, lead to the issue of polypharmacy and potentially interactions and inappropriate use. Aim: To characterize polymedicated elderly and related factors, identify potentially interactions and inappropriate medication in elderly. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on a questionnaire applied to 69 elderly (≥65 years) from northern Portugal. It was considered as polymedicated seniors taking ≥5 drugs. Beers list and the Delafuente classification were used to evaluate the therapeutic and possible interactions. It was used descriptive statistics and a model of binary regression, with a significance of 5%. The study was approved by Ethics Committee. Results: The sample consisted mainly of males (53.6% vs. 46.4%), aged between 66 and 99 years (mean 82.01), while 65.2% have more than 80 years. However, most elderly are not polymedicated (58%), on average 4.61 different drugs are administered per day (maximum=19), antihypertensives (36.2%) and antacids (30.04%) are the most prescribed. Hypertension and depression increase the risk of polymedication eightfold (p=0.004) and fivefold (p=0.011) respectively. Female gender seems increase the risk of polypharmacy threefold, although not statistically significant (p=0.102), and regarding age, the older age group (>85 years) seems reduces the risk of polypharmacy in 0.6 fold, but also not statistically significant. According with Delafuente classification, 1.4% of elderly has potentially drug interactions (Omeprazole and Iron salts). According to the list of Beers, 5.8% of seniors take drugs that classified as having some indications (hydroxyzine, amitriptyline). Conclusions: Regarding polypharmacy, 42% of elderly are polymedicated with an average of about 5 different drugs per day, antihypertensives and antacids the most prescribed. Hypertension and depression are highly associated with polypharmacy. We identified one potentially drug interaction and about 6% of elderly taking drugs that classified as having some indications.
- The impact of chronic diseases during pregnancy on the fetus and mother health: a literature reviewPublication . Pinto, Isabel C.; Machado, AnaThe fetal malformations are sometimes consequences of certain diseases that a pregnant woman can submit, and can increase the risks in pregnancy and cause problems not only for the fetus as also for the pregnant. Aim: To determine the impact of chronic diseases in the development of the fetus, also evaluating their maternal complications. Methodology: This study refers to a literature review of studies published in the databases Web of Science and PubMed Search. For this research were selected a total of 27 articles, reports and books. This review was carried out from September to December 2015. Results: Asthma is a chronic disease may present variations as to its severity, however, the physician should always be attentive to functional and clinical parameters during pregnancy. In relation to the Arterial Hypertension, this is considered one of the most detrimental effects to the maternal, fetal and neonatal. Conclusion: chronic diseases, in particular asthma and arterial hypertension, reveal a great impact during pregnancy, causing complications at the fetal and maternal level.
- Consumo de estimulantes cerebrais por estudantes do Instituto Politécnico de BragançaPublication . Nascimento, Luís; Midões, Cristiana; Pinto, Isabel C.; Teixeira, Helena; Queirós, Patrícia; Martins, SandraOs estimulantes cerebrais são frequentemente utilizados por jovens estudantes que pretendem aumentar o desempenho cognitivo, mas também serem capazes de manter alerta e despertos por mais tempo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar os hábitos de consumo de estimulantes cerebrais pelos alunos do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB), motivos e fatores associados. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo-correlacional, com 303 estudantes matriculados no IPB em 2018/2019, com amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. Para recolha de dados, utilizou-se um questionário online de autopreenchimento, com questões demográficas e comportamentais sobre o uso de estimulantes cerebrais. Para análise dos dados foram utilizadas estatística descritiva e inferencial através do teste de independência do Qui-quadrado, com um nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados revelaram uma média de idades de 23,2 anos (± 5,166) e predominância do sexo feminino (63,0%). A maioria dos participantes (54,1%) referiram que já consumiram algum estimulante cerebral, por autoiniciativa (81,7%), sendo o café (79,3%) e as bebidas energéticas (37,8%) os mais utilizados atualmente e o metilfenidato (1,8%) o menos utilizado. Os motivos de consumo mais referidos foram o aumento da capacidade cognitiva (32,1%) e a diminuição da fadiga e cansaço (20,0%). O consumo de estimulantes está associado ao sexo e ao ano frequentado, sendo mais frequente em estudantes do sexo feminino (69,5%, p=0,011) e a frequentar o 3º ano (29,9%, p=0,028). A utilização de estimulantes cerebrais por estudantes do IPB é uma realidade, sendo a cafeína e as bebidas energéticas as substâncias mais utilizadas, por autoiniciativa. As mulheres apresentam níveis de consumo superior aos homens e esta tendência manifesta-se também em estudantes de 3º ano. Considerando os resultados deste estudo, sugere-se promover o aumento da literacia em saúde e alertar para a utilização desregulada destas substâncias.
- Ingestão de nutrientes e patologias auto-referidas pelos idosos não institucionalizadosPublication . Fernandes, Ana Raquel Pedro; Brunhoso, Andreia Catarina Borges; Constante, Sílvia Daniela Duarte; Jornalo, Sónia Ramos; Costa, Ana Filipa; Pinto, Isabel C.; Ferro-Lebres, VeraA dieta e os nutrientes dela provenientes podem influenciar o desenvolvimento e progressão de algumas doenças, assim como a presença de certas doenças pode afetar a ingestão alimentar. OBJETIVO: Associar a ingestão de nutrientes com as patologias auto-referidas pelos idosos não institucionalizados. METODOLOGIA: Desenvolveu-se um estudo transversal e descritivo. A amostra incluiu 64 idosos, resi- dentes na Região de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário para avaliação da perceção do diagnóstico clínico e recordatório alimentar de um dia habitual. Para análise dos resultados foi utilizado o software es- tatístico IBM SPSS, versão 22. A partir deste foi efetuada a estatística descritiva, além dos testes estatísticos K-S para testar a normalidade das variáveis, Levene para testar a homogeneidade de variâncias, T teste para amostras independentes e o alternativo não paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney para comparação de amostras. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre alguns nutrientes e a presença de determinadas patologias. Verificou-se um maior consumo de cálcio, riboflavina, hidratos de carbono, açúcares e fósforo nos idosos nas doenças cardiovasculares. Nas doenças hepatobiliares, o consumo de hidratos de carbono mostrou-se superior. Uma ingestão superior de açúcares verificou-se para os idosos com doenças orais e oculares. No caso das doenças do sistema nervoso constatou-se um consumo mais elevado de açúcares e inferior de ácidos gordos polinsaturados. CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se que existem associações entre a ingestão de determinados nutrientes e algumas das patologias referidas pelos idosos.
- Diabetes mellitus in Polytechnic Institute of Bragança community: characterization and knowledgePublication . Patrício, Rafael; Cabral, Samuel; Pinto, Isabel C.; Pereira, Olívia R.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and metabolic disease recognized as a global public health problem of an increasing magnitude. Objectives: Characterize the DM in Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (PIB) community and assess the knowledge about the disease. Materials and Methods: In order to collect data, it was applied a questionnaire to 387 members of PIB community (students, teachers and non-teaching staff), between November 2014 and April 2015. Results and Discussion: The prevalence of DM determined in PIB community was 3.4% (13 respondents). From these, 7 (53.8%) have type I DM, 3 (23.1%) have type II DM, 1 (7.7%) have gestational DM while 2 (15.4%) do not know the type of diabetes that have. Regarding to the pharmacological therapeutics, 30.8% use insulin, 46.2% oral hypoglycemic drugs, while 23.1% don’t use any drug. Moreover, 27.6% said carry out a diet and 21.2% does physical exercise more than two times per week, about one third consume tobacco and alcohol. From all respondents, 97.7% claim knowing what DM is. In more detail, 38.6% said know the DM type I, 38.4% the DM type II and 20.0% the DM gestational. Concerning therapeutics used in the different types of DM 69.5% claim know, but only 14.5% were able to correctly identify the four existing drugs list provided. Furthermore, only 1% was able to identify correctly the three DM risk factors presented in the question, while 46% and 47% have identified two or one factors, respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that the prevalence of diabetes in PIB is very low and the knowledge about the disease is acceptable.
- Antihypertensive therapy adherence, treatment and healthy lifestyle of hypertensive patients from Northern PortugalPublication . Pinto, Isabel C.; Pereira, Olívia R.; Leitão, Alexandra; Araújo, Cândida; Martins, Débora; Pereira, MartaHypertension is among the non-communicable chronic diseases most prevalent in the world. The antihypertensive therapy adherence is important to control hypertension. Objectives: To characterize the pharmacological treatment of hypertensive patients from northern Portugal, estimate the prevalence of antihypertensive therapy adherence and related factors. Methods: This correlational and cross-sectional study was based on a questionnaire, with MAT, FFQ for sodium and IPAQ scales to acess the therapy adherence, eating habits and physical activity, respectively. It was applied to 385 hypertensive patients from northern Portugal. It was used descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The sample consisted mostly of females (70.8%), between 19 and 94 years old, with an average age of 62 years. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARA) are the pharmalogical group more used (33.5%). Regarding the consumption of sodium, the most consumed foods were cod, sausages, patties, canned and ham. Most respondents (50.9%) practicing vigorous and/or moderate physical activity. The prevalence of therapy adherence was 93.2%, and more adherent are people aged over 50 years (p=0.003), in active working or retired (p<0.001). Conclusions: The participants of this study present unhealthy eating habits, but overall are physically active. They shows a high prevalence of antihypertensive therapy adherence, among active working or retired people.
- Depressive symptoms and alcohol use among adolescentsPublication . Pinto, Isabel C.; Fraga, Sílvia; Ramos, ElisabeteAlcohol is the most consumed substance by young people, sometimes it’s associated with depressive symptoms. Objective: Assess the factors associated with alcohol use among 13-year-old teenagers, like depressive symptoms. Methods: Data of a population-based cohort of urban teenagers included cross-sectional information of 919 boys and 1016 girls collected by self-reported questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using Beck Depressive Inventory II (BDI). The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare medians. Odds ratio (OR) and multiple linear regression (β) were performed to estimate the magnitude of associations with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The final model was adjusted for parents’ education, sports, smoking, have friends who drink and parents’ history of depression. Results: Overall 515(50.0%) girls and 425(44.9%) boys have experimented alcoholic beverages and, 48(4.7%) girls and 62(6.6%) boys have drunk(one drink at least once time per month) at 13-year-old. For both genders, after adjustment, being experimenter was significantly associated with parents’ education, tobacco use and friends who drink. In girls, characteristics that was significantly associated to be drinker were tobacco use OR=6.9(3.1-15.2) and friends who drink OR=6.4(2.7-15.2). In boys, to be drinker was associated with tobacco use OR=5.9(2.7-13.0), friends who drink OR=7.3(3.5-15.4) and cohabiting with people who drink OR=5.1(1.4-17.6). Adolescents who have drunk presented a high score in BDI [median(25p-75p)] in girls[6.01(2.00-10.00)vs.6.38(3.00-11.99),p=0.002)] and in boys[3.00(1.01-6.01)vs.3.99(1.01-6.99),p=0.039]. After adjustment, the association was not significant in girls(β=0.583,95%CI[-0.483;1.648]) in boys(β=0.623,95%CI[-0.170;1.417]). Conclusions: Among 13-year-old adolescents parents’ education, smoking and friends who drink were associated with drinking behaviour. After adjustment, depressive symptoms did not show a significant association with alcohol use.