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- A systematic review of longitudinal and experimental evidence providing new insight for motor competence and healthPublication . Barnett, Lisa M.; Webster, E. Kipling; Hulteen, Ryan M.; Meester, An de; Valentini, Nadia C.; Lenoir, Matthieu; Pesce, Caterina; Getchell, Nancy; Lopes, Vitor P.; Robinson, Leah E.; Brian, Ali; Rodrigues, Luis PauloIn 2008, a conceptual model explaining the role of motor competence (MC) on children’s physical activity (PA), health-related fitness, weight status and perceived MC was published by Stodden et al. The purpose of this review is to systematically compile mediation, longitudinal and experimental evidence in support of this model. Searches were undertaken for each pathway of interest using six relevant databases. Potential articles were identified though abstract and title checking (N = 585), then screened (n = 152), with 43 articles identified for extraction. Studies needed to: be original, peer-reviewed, include typically developing children and adolescents first assessed between 2 and 18 years and objective assessment of gross MC and at least one other model variable. Strength of evidence was calculated for each pathway in both directions by dividing the proportion of studies indicating a significantly positive pathway in the hypothesized direction by the total amount of studies investigating that pathway. Classifications were no association (0–33 %), indeterminate/inconsistent (34–59 %), or a positive “+” or negative “-” association (≥60 %). The latter category was classified as strong evidence (i.e., ++ or –) when four or more studies found an association. If the total number of studies in a domain of interest were three or less, this was considered insufficient evidence. There was strong evidence in both directions for a negative association between MC and weight status. There was indeterminate evidence between MC and fitness and indeterminate evidence from MC to PA and no evidence for the reverse. There was insufficient evidence for the MC to perceived MC pathway. There was strong positive evidence for the fitness-mediated pathway in both directions. There was indeterminate evidence for the perceived MC-mediated pathway from PA to MC and no evidence for the reverse. To test the whole model, the field needs robust longitudinal studies with multiple time points, including all variables in the model and accounting for confounding factors.
- Estimation of the Best Method for the Calculation of the Subscales and Total Scores of the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA)Publication . Rodrigues, Luis Paulo; Cordovil, Rita; Luz, Carlos J.; Lopes, Vitor P.; Pombo, AndréThe MCA (Motor Competence Assessment) is an instrument to assess motor competence (MC). along the lifespan. For the first time, we can assess MC from childhood to old age using the same instrument, without an age ceiling effect and of feasible and objective execution. After establishing the MCA construct validity, the six tests’ normative values from childhood to young adulthood were published, and recently, the invariance of the MCA across age groups was assessed. The aim of this study is now to find the best method for the calculation of the subscales and total MCA scores. One thousand participants representing four age group subsamples (3-to-6, 7-to-10, 11-to-16, and 17-to-22 years) with 250 participants each, were assessed on the MCA, and their results on the sub-scales were calculated according to three different methods: (1) a general factor score index, where each item’s weight is derived from its factor loading of the MCA model; (2) an age-group factor score index, where each item’s weight is derived from its factor loading of the respective age-group MCA model; and (3) an equal score index with a non-weighed participation of each test for the subscale calculation. Each subscale was calculated using the three tested methods, and the results compared using bivariate correlations and intraclass correlations for the all sample and for each agegroup sub-sample. Results showed a very high agreement between the three methods tested with intraclass correlations and bivariate correlations values higher than 0.99. These results allow to conclude for the use of the simpler method for calculating the MCA subscales, there is to use equal weights for each test. In conclusion we suggest that, after being transformed into age and sex normative values (percentiles), an average of the two tests of each MCA subscale can be used to adequately represent the individual motor competence on that category (locomotor, stability, or manipulative), and a total MCA score can be found by the average of all six tests
- Physical function of aged population is predicted by motor competence and physical fitnessPublication . Bezerra, Pedro; Lopes, Vitor P.; Gonçalves, CelinaFitness and cognitive status on aging has been widely studied and well reported on literature. Independence and functioning are decisive in elders life quality. Motor competence has been associated to children physical activity levels and healthy weight status. Whether or not Motor Competence has additional value in promoting physical function on aging is not well stablished. PURPOSE: to investigate the relationship and influence of motor competence, physical fitness and cognitive status on physical functioning, in aged population. METHODS: institutionalized participants were recruited as a convenience sample in three day-care centers (N=283, women N=184, mean age = 82.05±7.70 years). Physical functioning was assessed through self-report using a composite physical function scale. Physical fitness was evaluated with the Senior Fitness Test. Motor competence was evaluated as the proficiency in overarm throw a tennis ball, measuring the ball velocity, and standing long jump. Cognitive performance was assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination test. T test was used to test the difference between women and men in all variables. Pearson correlation between physical functioning, physical fitness and motor competence was performed. Stepwise regression was used to identify the predictor variables of physical functioning. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Men had significant better motor competence and physical fitness results than women. In women, the highest correlation were found between physical functioning and Chair stand (r=0.25), standing long jump (r=0.19) and 2-min step (r=0.19). In men, the highest correlation were found on 2-min step (r=0.30) and overarm throw (r=0.27). Stepwise regression retained the following variables: 2.44 m up-&-Go, standing long jump, and sex (F(3; 212) = 33.73; p < 0.001, R2 = 0.32). Men has an estimate of more 2.162 points in physical functioning than women. Physical functioning is estimate to increased 1 point for every -0.151 s in 2.44 m Up-&-Go, and 1 point for every 0.051 cm in standing long jump. CONCLUSION: Despite having found significant moderate to low correlations in both men and women, it seems that both Motor Competence and Fitness status has important influence on physical functioning.
- The measurement of thrust in competitive swimming: the association between different thrust variablesPublication . Barbosa, Tiago M.; Yam, Jia Wen; Balasekaran, Govindasamy; Marinho, D.A.Swimming acceleration and velocity are the net balance between Drag Force and Thrust
- Patterns of physical activity: an exploratory study using twinsPublication . Maia, José A.R.; Lopes, Vitor P.; Martins, Sónia; Amorim, António; Alves, CintiaThe study of physical activity patterns (PAP) is still in its infancy due to methodological problems in measuring instruments of physical activity, and the lack of specific analytical tools to capture all its intrinsic issues. Moreover, it is not well known if differences among subjects are mainly due to specific environmental conditions, genetic attributes or both. This picture is more acute in children. PURPOSE: to explore different ways of viewing and analyzing PAP in children. METHODS: 31 twin pairs (18 MZ and 13 DZ) aged 6 to 12 years of age were monitored for 5 days (3 week-day and a week-end) with a tri-axial accelerometer (TRITRAC R3D). Count data was read in a specialized software (GEMWIZARD), was transformed in energy expenditure according to manufacturer indications, so that 4 phenotypes were derived: till 3 Mets (low PA), from 3 to 6 Mets (moderate PA), from 6 to 9 Mets (vigorous PA), and above 9 Mets (very vigorous PA). SPSS was used for all data analysis (descriptive stats, graphical dispays and correlations). RESULTS: It is evident that most part of the days is spent in low PA, and very few episodes of vigorous or very vigorous activities. Per each hour, across days, about 56 minutes are of low PA. Per day, about 17 minutes are spent in moderate PA, and 3 to 4 minutes in vigorous or very vigorous PA. The amount of inter-individual differences in pairs of MZ and DZ twins is very high, although intra-pair range seems higher in DZ than MZ twins. Twin similarity (Pearson correlation) is as follows : low PA, rM Z=0.886, rDZ=0.772; moderate PA, rMZ=9.946, rDZ=0.880; vigorous PA, rMZ=0.636, rDZ=0.490; very vigorous PA, rMZ=0.759, rDZ=0.522). CONCLUSIONS: In children, physical activity is mainly random. The highest frequency is for low activities (
- Morphologic and systemic alterations in obese and overweight subjects after a physical activity intervention programPublication . Magalhães, Pedro; Costa, M.J.; Lopes, Vitor P.; Duarte, José AlbertoThere are some evidences that exercise training reduces total and abdominal fat and some systemic variables with improve health benefits. The sim of this study was to ana1yse the variation of some morphologic and systemic variables in 16 (age-64.5±7.2) obese and overweight (BM!=31.4o±5.7) type 2 diabetic patieots, of hoth gender, dutiog a regular physical exercisc program, which consists of 3 5 minutes of fast walking every days of the week, during 8 months, and no diet intervention.
- Calibration of MTI actigraph in old obese adultPublication . Lopes, Vitor P.; Magalhães, Pedro; Bragada, José A.The purpose was to derive a regression equation that estimatcs energy expenditure from accelerometer counts in oId obese adult. The sample comprised 14 oId obese or overweight adults (63±7 years).
- A path-flow analysis model for active drag force determinant variables in age-group swimmersPublication . Barbosa, Tiago M.; Costa, M.J.; Marques, Mário C.; Moreira, Marc; Silva, A.J.; Marinho, D.A.The role of drag force in competitive swimming is one of the main topics for researchers and field practitioners as it allows enhancing performance. The development of “flow chart” models confirming the relationships between drag force and other determinant variables was never attempted in competitive swimming. Moreover, main research groups dedicate little attention to age-group swimming. PURPOSE: The aim was to develop a structural equation modeling (i.e., path-flow analysis model) for active drag force (Da) based on anthropometric, hydrodynamic and biomechanical determinants in young swimmers. The theoretical model was developed according to main review papers about these determinants. METHODS: Sixteen male swimmers (12.50±0.51 years-old; Tanner stages’ 1 -2) were evaluated. It was assessed: (i) anthropometrical variables such as body mass, height, frontal surface area (FSA); (ii) hydrodynamic variables including drag coefficient and Da with the velocity perturbation method; (iii) the biomechanical variables stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SF) and swimming velocity after a maximal 25-m bout. It was computed the Spearmen´s Rank Correlation Coefficient between exogenous and endogenous variables. Path-flow analysis was performed with the estimation of linear regression standardized coefficients between exogenous and endogenous variables. When appropriate, according to the theoretical model, simple or multiple linear regression models were computed. The standardized regression coefficients (β) were considered and the significance of each β was assessed with the student’s t-test (p<0.05). The effect size of the disturbance term for a given endogenous variable, which reflects unmeasured variables was 1 -R2. To verify the model fit, root mean square residual was computed (RMSR < 0.1). RESULTS: The Da presented significant association with all exogenous variables, except for SL and SF. Confirmatory model excluded the FSA (RMSR > 0.1). Even so, 95% of Da was explained by remaining variables in the model. CONCLUSION: Confirmatory path-flow model can be considered as not suitable of the theory. For a near future it is advice to develop new FSA estimation equations specific for young swimmers rather than using models developed with adult/elite swimmers.