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- Acute Effects of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Responses to Flywheel Resistance Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover TrialPublication . Primo, Mateus Chaves; Viana, Ítalo Santiago Alves; Goulart-Silva, Leonardo Silveira; Machado, Wanderson Matheus Lopes; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Calhelha, Ricardo C.; Monteiro, António M.; Branquinho, Luís; Silva, Sandro Fernandes; Oliveira, Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de; Moreira, Osvaldo CostaBeetroot juice is a popular nutritional resource in sports due to its ergogenic effects, promoting vasodilation, hypotension, improved energy efficiency, and reduced oxygen cost. However, its role in modulating the autonomic nervous system during strength training remains understudied. This study assessed the effects of acute nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses to flywheel resistance exercise. Fifteen male participants (age 22 +/- 3.64 years) from the Federal University of Vi & ccedil;osa completed a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Each participant consumed either 400 mg of standardized nitrate or a placebo before performing 4 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 100% of their maximum concentric strength using a leg extension exercise, with 90 s recovery intervals. Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and subjective perception of effort were measured after each set. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23, employing the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, t-test for related samples, and MANOVA with time and supplement factors. NO3- supplementation led to a smaller increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise compared to the placebo and reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the last set, reflecting decreased peripheral vascular resistance. However, no significant effects were observed for heart rate, rate-pressure product, oxygen saturation, time under tension, or subjective perception of effort. These findings suggest that NO3- supplementation can offer cardiovascular benefits by attenuating blood pressure increases during strength training, highlighting its potential as a low-risk ergogenic aid for healthy young men.
- Analysis of thermal patterns in the knee: comparative study between athletes and sedentary individualsPublication . Araújo, Mirela dos Santos; Bernardes Leite, Luciano; Forte, Pedro; Malheiro, Alexandra; Januário, William Martins; Pussieldi, Guilherme de Azambuja; Coelho, Bruno de Cássio; Barreiros, Marta de Oliveira; Barros Filho, Allan Kardec Duailibe; Assis, Miller Gomes de; Navarro, Antônio Coppi; Rodrigues Junior, Jefferson Fernando Coelho; Oliveira, Mario Norberto Sevilio de; Cabido, Christian Emmanuel Torres; Pimenta, Eduardo Mendonça; Veneroso, Christiano EduardoInfrared thermography is a non-invasive technique that detects skin-emitted radiation, providing insights into body temperature and identifying thermal changes related to inflammatory or degenerative processes. This study aimed to compare knee temperatures between sedentary individuals and athletes and to evaluate differences between the anterior and posterior knee regions. A convenience sample included 32 men, 16 sedentary individuals (1.71 ± 0.05 m; 71.7 ± 11 kg; BMI: 24.5 ± 0.39 kg/m²) and 16 athletes (1.79 ± 0.06 m; 73.29 ± 11 kg; BMI: 22.84 ± 2.52 kg/m²). Temperature assessments were conducted using infrared thermography. The results showed that the posterior knee region consistently exhibited higher temperatures than the anterior region in sedentary individuals (p < .001) and athletes (p < .001). Sedentary individuals had lower knee temperatures compared to athletes, both in the posterior regions (right: p = .0006; left: p = .0035) and anterior (right: p < .0001; left: p = .0009). These findings highlight that physical training influences localised thermal responses, with athletes demonstrating higher average knee temperatures and a consistent temperature gradient between the posterior and anterior regions in both groups.
- Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal DimensionPublication . Alves, Miriam; Fonseca, Pedro; Fernandes, Aléxia; Brito, André V.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Vilas-Boas, João PauloThe most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction.
- Beyond the Gym Floor and the Classroom: Physical Education as a Catalyst for Transdisciplinary Physically Active Learning in the Portuguese Educational LandscapePublication . Santos, Artur Jorge; Baptista, Liliana; Amoroso, José; Furtado, Guilherme; Teixeira, Manuela; Lima, Carla Pedroso deThis chapter explores the transformative potential of physical education (PE) when integrated into a transdisciplinary and physically active learning (PAL) framework. By moving beyond the traditional confines of the gym and classroom, we examine how PE can serve as a core component of holistic education. The chapter delves into the theoretical underpinnings of transdisciplinary and active learning, highlighting their alignment with the goals of PE. It will provide practical examples and strategies for implementing transdisciplinary PE programs, emphasizing collaboration with other subject areas and the creation of authentic learning experiences. The chapter will also discuss the role of PE in fostering critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, while promoting physical literacy and well-being. Ultimately, this chapter aims to inspire educators to reimagine PE as a dynamic and essential component of a comprehensive curriculum.
- Case Report: Case study of 100 consecutive IRONMAN®-distance triathlons—impact of race splits and sleep on the performance of an elite athletePublication . Knechtle, Beat; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Andrade, Marilia Santos; Cuk, Ivan; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theo; Scheer, Volker; Weiss, Katja; Rosemann, ThomasLong-distance triathletes such as IRONMAN (R) and ultra-triathletes competing in longer race distances continue to extend ultra-endurance limits. While the performance of 60 IRONMAN (R)-distance triathlons in 60 days was the longest described to date, we analysed in the present case study the impact of split disciplines and recovery in one athlete completing 100 IRONMAN (R)-distance triathlons in 100 days. To date, this is the longest self-paced world record attempt for most daily IRONMAN (R)-distance triathlons.To assess the influence of each activity's duration on the total time, the cross-correlation function was calculated for swimming, cycling, running, and sleeping times. The autocorrelation function, which measures the correlation of a time series with itself at different lags, was also employed using NumPy.The moving average for swimming slightly increased in the middle of the period, stabilizing at similar to 1.43 h. Cycling displayed notable fluctuations between similar to 5.5 and 7h, with a downward trend toward the end. The moving average for running remains high, between 5.8 and 7.2 h, showing consistency over the 100 days. The moving average for total time hovered at similar to 15 h, with peaks at the beginning, and slightly declined in the final days. The cross-correlation between swimming time and total time showed relatively low values. Cycling demonstrated a stronger correlation with total time. Running also exhibited a high correlation with total time. The cross-correlation between sleep time and swimming time presented low values. In cycling, the correlation was stronger. For running, a moderate correlation was observed. The correlation with total time was also high. The autocorrelation for swimming showed high values at short lags with a gradual decrease over time. For cycling, the autocorrelation also began strong, decreasing moderately as lags increased. Running displayed high autocorrelation at short lags, indicating a daily dependency in performance, with a gradual decay over time. The total time autocorrelation was high and remained relatively elevated with increasing lags, showing consistent dependency on cumulative efforts across all activities. In a triathlete completing 100 IRONMAN (R)-distance triathlons in 100 days, cycling and running split times have a higher influence on overall times than swimming. Swimming performance is not influenced by sleep quality, whereas cycling performance is. Swimming times slowed faster over days than cycling and running times. Any athlete intending to break this record should focus on cycling and running training in the pre-event preparation.
- Classification of dementia risk in the elderly through gait analysis with machine learning algorithmsPublication . Costa, Raí Braz; Almeida, Samuel Gonçalves; Encarnação, Samuel; Schneider, André; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, António M.The irreversible and progressive decline of physiological functions is known as aging. Among these changes is brain aging, which leads to cognitive decline and the onset of dementia. This directly affects memory, learning, and motor skills, reducing gait efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of identifying and classifying the risk of dementia based on the analysis of kinematic variables related to gait in older adults using machine learning algorithms. This cross-sectional observational study examined a sample of 59 individuals aged 60 +/- 8 years, divided into two groups: 26 institutionalized older adults (GI) and 33 non-institutionalized older adults (GNI), all residing in Bragan & ccedil;a, Portugal. Gait data were collected during a 10-m walk, recorded on video, and analyzed using Kinovea software. Cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Python (TM) was used for statistical analysis and to develop machine learning models to classify dementia risk based on gait variables. The results showed that the algorithmic models achieved an overall accuracy of 74.6%, with the AdaBoost algorithm performing best at 83.5%. Cross-validation revealed an overall accuracy of 72%, with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier achieving the highest individual performance at 80%, correctly classifying 80% of cases across different data subsets. In conclusion, gait analysis combined with machine learning algorithms demonstrated a strong relationship between gait variables and dementia, proving to be a safe and efficient technique for dementia classification. This approach offers a low-cost and accessible early identification and intervention method, with potential applications in clinical and public health settings.
- Comparative analysis of cyclist energy cost and drag: able-bodied vs. shoulder amputee cyclists using computational fluid dynamicsPublication . Sampaio, Tatiana; Morais, J.E.; Marinho, D.A.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Monteiro, António M.; Forte, PedroIn cycling, drag is the force that opposes the cyclist’s motion and is caused by the cyclist’s and their equipment’s interaction with the air. The surface area of the cyclist and their equipment, such as the bike, helmet, and body postures, substantially impact how much drag they encounter. This study compared the energy cost (Ec) of an able-bodied and shoulder amputee cyclist through numerical simulations using computer fluid dynamics (CFD). According to the hypothesis, an able-bodied cyclist may use more energy at a given speed than an able-bodied cyclist. For this study, a professional male cyclist who weighs 65 kg and is 1.72 m tall took part. The estimated Ec was lower for a shoulder amputee in comparison to an able-bodied cyclist. Significant statistical differences and relationships were found between the cyclists for the 11 selected speeds. Altogether, this study allows us to conclude that, for the same conditions, an able-bodied cyclist delivers less Ec in comparison to a shoulder amputee. Such knowledge contributes to understanding cycling performance and may inform training, equipment design, and energy optimisation strategies for diverse cyclist populations.
- Editorial: Building health through physical activity in schools, volume IIPublication . Branquinho, Luís; Forte, Pedro; Ferraz, Ricardo; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Sortwell, AndrewBuilding health through physical activity in schools remains a global priority, as educational systems face persistent challenges related to declining physical activity levels, increasing sedentary behavior, and growing concerns about physical, psychological, and social health among children and adolescents. Schools represent a uniquely powerful setting to influence lifelong health behaviors, yet effective promotion of physical activity requires evidence that integrates individual, pedagogical, environmental, and structural dimensions. The 19 articles included in “Building Health Through Physical Activity in Schools – Volume II” collectively provide a comprehensive and multidimensional perspective on how physical activity, health, and well-being can be fostered through educational contexts across diverse populations and sociocultural settings.
- Efeito da intensidade do exercício físico nos valores de tensão arterial pós-exercício em indivíduos adultos atletas e não atletasPublication . Lopes, João Tiago da Silva; Magalhães, Pedro; Ribeiro, FernandoO objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da realização de duas intensidades diferentes de caminhada e/ou corrida em passadeira rolante nos valores da tensão arterial sistólica e diastólica de indivíduos adultos atletas e não atletas logo após o exercício, e a cada hora pós-exercício até 6 horas. Métodos: A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por 22 homens, com idade média de 23,64 ± 2,54 anos. Relativamente às avaliações físicas os sujeitos participaram em dois momentos de avaliação nos quais realizaram uma sessão de exercício físico, a 50% e 75% da frequência cardíaca de reserva. Cada sessão de exercício teve uma duração de 30 minutos, dividida em 10 minutos de aquecimento e 20 minutos de acordo com a intensidade pretendida. A tensão arterial foi avaliada antes, imediatamente após e a cada hora pós-exercício até 6 horas. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre a intensidade de exercício, grupo de estudo e momentos de avaliação com p<0,001. A resposta da TAS à sessão de exercício a 50% da FCres foi significativamente superior no GNA comparativamente ao GA em todos os momentos de avaliação, exceto na primeira hora após o término da sessão. A diminuição da TAD à sessão de exercício a 50% da FCres foi significativamente superior no GA comparativamente ao GNA à 1ª, 5ª e 6ª hora de avaliação. A resposta da TAS à sessão de exercício a 75% da FCres foi significativamente superior no GNA comparativamente ao GA em todos os momentos de avaliação. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo indicam que existe alterações nos valores de tensão arterial pós-exercício associado à intensidade de exercício, verficado nos dois grupos avaliados e nas duas intensidades exploradas, sobretudo associadas ao efeito hipotensor. O GNA verificou diminuição dos valores de TAS a 50% e 75% da FCres signifcativamentes superiores ao GA, exceto na 1ª hora após termino da sessão a 50% da FCres. O GA apresentou diminuição da TAD a 50% da FCres significativamente superior comparativamente ao GNA à 1º, 5ª e 6ª hora de avalição.
- The Effect of Flywheel Resistance Training on Executive Function in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled TrialPublication . Cota, Amanda dos Reis; Pérez Bedoya, Édison Andrés; Agostinho, Pablo Augusto Garcia; Leite, Luciano Bernardes; Schneider, André; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, António M.; Branquinho, Luís; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Oliveira, Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de; Moreira, Osvaldo Costa; Carneiro-Júnior, Miguel AraújoExecutive function, which includes inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, tends to decline with aging. While traditional resistance training (TRT) has shown positive effects in mitigating these declines, limited evidence is available regarding flywheel resistance training (FRT). This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of TRT and FRT on executive function in older women. In this randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT05910632), 29 older women were allocated into two groups: TRT (n = 15) and FRT (n = 14). The intervention lasted eight weeks with two weekly sessions conducted at the Federal University of Vi & ccedil;osa. The TRT group performed exercises using machines and free weights, while the FRT group used a multi-leg isoinertial device. Executive function was assessed using the Victoria Stroop Test (inhibitory control), Digit Span Test (working memory), and Trail Making Tests A and B (cognitive flexibility). Data were analyzed using a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (p < 0.05). Results: No significant changes were observed in inhibitory control (p = 0.350). Working memory improved significantly within both groups in forward (p = 0.002) and backward (p = 0.002) span tasks. For cognitive flexibility, Trail Making Test A showed no significant changes (p > 0.05), but Test B showed significant within-group (p = 0.030) and between-group (p = 0.020) improvements. The B-A difference was also significant (p = 0.040). Both resistance training modalities enhanced working memory and cognitive flexibility. However, FRT produced greater improvements in cognitive flexibility, suggesting potential advantages in cognitive aging interventions.
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