Browsing by Author "Cardim, Sofia"
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- Aplicação do modelo EVA® (Economic Value Added) como uma prática de sustentabilidade financeiraPublication . Cardim, Sofia; Loureiro, NorbertoObjetivo: O Economic Value Added (EVA®) é uma medida financeira que avalia o desempenho económico de uma empresa ao considerar o custo de capital investido, destacando o valor gerado pela empresa acima do custo de oportunidade e contribuindo para a determinação do facto da empresa se encontrar (ou não) a gerar valor. Relacionar o modelo EVA® com a sustentabilidade financeira de uma Pequena e Média Empresa (PME) é uma abordagem possível e interessante, que permite compreender de que forma a empresa se encontra a equilibrar o seu desempenho com práticas sustentáveis. Metodologia: O presente trabalho seguiu uma metodologia de observação participante, de tipo investigação ação, através da qual se procedeu à implementação do modelo EVA®, entre os anos 2018 a 2020, numa empresa que opera no setor da construção, mas que possui uma forte aposta numa atividade centrada na sustentabilidade. Sendo uma organização composta por uma equipa de profissionais altamente qualificados e empenhados, procura-se de forma constante implementar soluções construtivas e sistemas inovadores que correspondam às expectativas e necessidades dos seus clientes. Resultados: Da análise realizada à empresa concluiu-se que nos anos em análise a mesma apresentou em todos os anos um valor económico agregado positivo, tendo gerado, no que respeita à remuneração dos seus capitais investidos, excedentes superiores aos necessários, ocorrendo criação de valor. Originalidade/valor: A aplicação deste método permitiu à empresa compreender melhor o valor do seu capital, podendo tomar decisões de forma mais consciente e informada.
- Clustering the portuguese employee population regarding gender: a NUTIII cluster analysisPublication . Nunes, Alcina; Cardim, Sofia; Balsa, CarlosThroughout the last century and the last decade of the XXI century, where the issue is being discussed in several social, political and scientific forums, women have achieved unquestionable labour market rights increasing their presence and visibility. Nevertheless, they continue to be discriminated in modern labour market environments and gender segregation continues to be a feature common to many markets, namely the ones of more developed economies such as the Portuguese. The phenomenon is undesirable and has been fought by a number of public measures, not just those addressed directly at the labour market but also those which aim to combat gender discrimination in societies as a whole. In order these measures could be effective and produce the desired effects, it is necessary to know and understand the reality in order to act on it. In particular, it is necessary to understand if there are regional differences that can be considered in specific public policies directed to well-targeted populations. The availability of regional statistical information on the labour market, which provides information by gender, for variables such as staff employed by companies regarding professions, duration and type of work or earnings and remuneration earned by men and women in different economic activities, allows also the use of increasingly sophisticated statistical techniques and thus to develop and present research that characterizes the female and male NUTIII employee population in mainland Portugal. Considering the new potential of information and statistical methodologies, this paper applies the exploratory analysis of clusters to develop hypotheses about the existence of regional differences related to men and women employee in the national labour market. The latest data for the desired regional division, which match the intermunicipal communities, made available by the National Statistical Institution refer to 2013, a period not too far away from the present time to identify patterns on which the public power may act developing the most adequate and effective measures.
- Desigualdades salariais entre homens e mulheres: evidências nacionais por setor de atividadePublication . Nunes, Alcina; Cardim, SofiaA segregação ocupacional, por razão de género, é um fenómeno negativo que, em pleno século XXI, permanece ainda comum às mais diversas culturas e economias. Uma das formas em que se consubstancia é nas diferenças salariais e remuneratórias. Desta forma, este trabalho propõe-se identificar e analisar as influências da atividade económica e da distribuição regional dessas atividades na evolução da dissemelhança remuneratória média entre trabalhadores e trabalhadoras, no período de 2010 e 2013. A variável em estudo é a diferença verificada entre o ganho médio mensal, tendo a análise sido realizada com recurso à metodologia shift-share. Conclui-se que a estrutura produtiva e a competitividade regional são determinantes na diferença salarial.
- Discriminação salarial por sexo e por setores de atividade em Portugal: evidências regionais em período de crisePublication . Nunes, Alcina; Cardim, SofiaA discriminação salarial, por sexo, no mercado de trabalho é um fenómeno negativo que ainda perdura nas mais diversas culturas e economias. Tal reflete-se nas diferenças entre remunerações e ganhos, independentemente do setor de atividade considerado. Portugal enfrentou nos últimos anos uma crise económica com um impacto negativo no mercado de trabalho, nomeadamente, nas taxas de emprego e desemprego, não sendo tão debatido o impacto na remuneração, por sexo. Dada esta realidade, é objetivo deste trabalho, identificar e analisar a influência do ciclo económico e do desenvolvimento regional português na evolução da diferença remuneratória entre trabalhadores e trabalhadoras, no período compreendido entre 2010 e 2013, com recurso à metodologia shift-share. Esta metodologia é simples e exploratória, mas amplamente utilizada na análise regional, para aferir a forma como a tendência nacional e estrutural e as caraterísticas regionais influenciam a evolução das variáveis em estudo. Concluiu-se que a estrutura e a competitividade regionais são aspetos fundamentais para a compreensão do diferencial remuneratório existente no país.
- Dynamic capabilities and mediating effects of innovation on the competitive advantage and firm’s performance: the moderating role of organizational learning capabilityPublication . Ferreira, Jorge; Cardim, Sofia; Coelho, ArnaldoThe objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of exploration and exploitation capabilities on competitive advantage (hereafter CA) and performance, considering the mediating role of innovation capabilities (hereafter ICs) and the moderating role of organizational learning capability (hereafter OLC) on the proposed relationships. This investigation proposes a theoretical model tested using structural equation modelling (SEM), and a multi-group analysis is performed to understand the moderating role of organizational learning capability. A 90-item questionnaire exploring the relationships between dynamic capabilities (hereafter DCs) and innovation was developed, and a total of 387 valid questionnaires were collected from a sample of Portuguese’s smalland medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a case of a transition economy. Therefore, this study contributes to the understanding of the direct and indirect impact of exploration and exploitation on CA variables, the mediating role of IC on CA and performance and the moderating effect of OLC in a transition economy.
- Female leadership in a markedly male sector: an exploratory study applied to the granite transformation sectorPublication . Cardim, Sofia; Nunes, AlcinaEven though the participation levels of women in the paid labour market is similar to men, as well as female education levels, essentially in the higher levels of education, such acquisitions are not yet accompanied by equality in leadership and access to certain management and headship positions in a large group of Portuguese companies. It is also a reality that the Portuguese business network is composed mostly of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), many of which have a family structure, composed by the couple and, in some cases, also by their sons and daughters, when they are old enough to access the labour work. Accordingly, in this research work, the focal objective is to understand the main advantages and difficulties regarding leadership (assumed by women) of two companies in the industrial sector, specifically in stone (granite) transformation. To reach the proposed objective, a research is carried out with a mixed character. That is, in a first phase of quantitative and descriptive character, under which we intend to analyse the outlook of the industrial sector regarding the leadership according to gender. Secondly, a qualitative analysis is conducted, in which we try to understand how women, who lead two companies in the abovementioned area, develop their work, with which constraints and challenges they face, in a markedly masculine area. Accordingly, in the first phase of the research a statistical analysis using secondary data is performed, and in the second phase, once it is a qualitative research, with the main objective of understanding the reality, we used the structured interview, directed to two women who occupy the central position in two companies of the northern region of Portugal. Regarding the first part of the investigation, it is concluded that inequality still exists in Portuguese labour market, regarding gender, not only in access to leadership positions but also in access to certain professions and in certain sectors of activity.
- Gender inequalities: national evidence by activity sectors in the portuguese labour marketPublication . Nunes, Alcina; Cardim, SofiaThe gender occupational segregation is a negative phenomenon which still remains a common feature to the most diverse cultures and economies in the 21st century. One of the ways in which it is embodied is in wages and salary differences. Thus, this paper aims to identify and analyse the influence of the economic activities and the regional distribution of those same activities on the evolution of the average dissimilarity remuneration of Portuguese workers between 2010 and 2013. The variable under survey is the difference between the average monthly income, and the analysis was made by using the shift-share methodology. The productive structure and regional competitiveness have proven to be decisive in the wage gap.
- Implementation of balanced scorecard: simplify strategic thinking development in Portuguese SMEsPublication . Cardim, Sofia; Nunes, Alcina; Fernandes, Paula Odete; Branco, FredericoThe Portuguese business structure is essentially composed of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which, despite their size, generate employment and contribute to the increase of national income. In many of these companies, some of them having less than ten employees, management and operational functions are often carried out by the entrepreneur. In addition, the entrepreneur does not always have technical knowledge in management, nor do they have the available time (since they have various responsibilities within the company) to develop and implement a management strategy that allows the enterprise to remain in the market while adopting a more conscious, consistent and sustained orientation. Within the scope of the Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization - Portugal 2020, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) strategic management instrument was developed and implemented in several companies and sectors of the Portuguese economy. This instrument was crucial in initiating a process of strategic thinking which, quite possibly, would not have happened in such a short time horizon. This research work analyses through essentially qualitative research the way the BSC instrument was developed and implemented. Another objective is to understand the main advantages of its use and its main application constraints. The data was gathered through a semi-structured interview developed for the owners of four Portuguese SMEs in the northern region of Portugal, targeted under the abovementioned programme framework. The results demonstrate the instrument was essential for the development of a structured strategic thinking, as well as for better performance and, consequently, to the improvement of the competitiveness of the targeted companies. The results also show the instrument had to be adapted and simplified and its implementation has to involve all the employees of the enterprises.
- Instrumentos de controlo de gestão: estudo de caso aplicado a uma microempresa de transformação de rações para animaisPublication . Cardim, Sofia; Loureiro, NorbertoObjetivo: os instrumentos de controlo de gestão são fundamentais em empresas de qualquer dimensão. No caso concreto das micro e Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PME), nem sempre estes instrumentos são aplicados uma vez que, em alguns casos, não existem recursos humanos devidamente capacitados para a sua implementação. A este facto, acresce ainda de que muitas microentidades têm um cariz familiar, o que dificulta um processo de gestão mais estruturado. Assim, a presente investigação, aplicada a uma microempresa familiar, tem por objetivo dar resposta à questão de investigação “A Empresa X encontra-se a desenvolver a sua atividade respeitando os princípios inerentes à sustentabilidade económica?”, através da aplicação de instrumentos de controlo de gestão que permitiram o cálculo dos custos unitários de produção. Metodologia: A metodologia enquadra-se num paradigma qualitativo, de tipologia estudo de caso único, na qual os consultores assumem um papel participativo e de intervenção, atuando em conjunto com os gestores da empresa, que tem como objeto social a mistura e comercialização de rações para animais. Trata-se de uma investigação ação, uma vez que existe uma intenção de identificar, analisar e modificar aspetos que não vão ao encontro dos princípios de sustentabilidade económica que a empresa precisa de desenvolver, para que se possa manter competitiva no mercado em que desenvolve a sua atividade. Resultados: Da análise realizada na Empresa X, de que resultou a adequada determinação dos custos unitários de produção, foi possível perceber que a empresa não estava a praticar as margens adequadas, uma vez que se encontrava a vender três das suas rações a um preço inferior ao custo de produção. Esta situação foi corrigida após a correta identificação dos custos unitários de produção, tendo ocorrido um ajustamento das margens de comercialização e preços de venda. Originalidade/valor: Não sendo muito comum encontrar investigações sobre empresas que operem neste setor de atividade, a presente investigação contribui para a obtenção de insights sobre as empresas do deste ramo de atividade, assim como para a chamada de atenção da necessidade de desenvolvimento de competências de gestão e de aplicação de instrumentos de controlo de gestão em microempresas, nomeadamente, em empresas familiares.
- Manager versus leader: an impact on international internshipsPublication . Tomaz, Vilma; Cardim, SofiaThe broad topics of management and leadership have been studied by several authors. In this project a brief introduction to these topics is carried out as well as the differences found between them are highlighted. Businesses are considered a source of education so the topic of introducing internships through the school trajectory is also addressed. In an increasingly competitive market, companies have to keep up, and for that, they need increasingly qualified workers, whom both these and future generations depend a lot on the results of their school careers as well as their internships. This is the primary problem that leads us to the main objective of this study, to identify and understand the type of management that each participant had in the internship, and which one they prefer, having as a starting question "What is considered the most appropriate style of team leadership in companies by young adults after their international internship?". To develop the study, a qualitative methodology was used. For data collection, the structured interview, and the reading of scientific documents such as articles and books were used as techniques. Then the collected data was processed, applying the interpretive phenomenological analysis method that helps understand the personal experiences of an individual. The results of the study made it possible to identify the management preference of young adults for companies today, according to the types of supervisors that they had when they carried out the international internships.