Browsing by Author "Barreales, David"
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- Adapting almond production to climate change through deficit irrigation and foliar kaolin application in a mediterranean climatePublication . Barreales, David; Capitão, Susana dos Anjos; Bento, Albino; Casquero, Pedro Antonio; Ribeiro, A.C.Irrigation is the best strategy to reduce the adverse effects of water stress on almond trees [Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Web] and improve their productivity. However, in the current context of climatic change, in which the amount of water available for irrigation is increasingly limited, deficit irrigation (DI) strategies have become essential in the almond orchards of southern Europe. Other practices, such as the foliar application of reflective compounds, are being implemented. A three-year experiment (2019–2021) was set in a factorial design in which the effect of regulated deficit irrigation and foliar kaolin spray was evaluated on physiological (predawn leaf water potential, relative water content, leaf area, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence) and agronomic parameters (yield, yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE)). The treatments include full irrigation (FI), which received 100% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration) during all irrigation seasons; regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), which received 100% of ETc until the kernel-filling stage, reducing the application to 35% ETc during the kernel-filling stage until harvest; and both irrigation regimes combined with kaolin application and two cultivars, Constantí and Vairo. More negative water potential values were observed in the RDI treatments compared to the FI treatments. There were no significant differences in the stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, or transpiration rate between treatments with RDI and FI, demonstrating the almond tree’s good adaptation to irrigation reduction in the kernel-filling stage. The two cultivars had different responses in cumulative yield throughout the three years of the trial. The cv. Constantí did not present significant differences between the FI and RDI treatments, translating into improved WUE. In contrast, the cv. Vairo suffered a reduction in accumulated performance in the RDI treatments with respect to the FI. The foliar application of kaolin did not present differences in yield and very few in the physiological activity of the almond trees. With the results obtained, we can suggest that under the conditions of our experiment, the combination of RDI and the kaolin foliar application can help save irrigation water and produce almonds more sustainably.
- Agronomic and physiological behavior of two Portuguese grapevine cultivars in distinct climatic sub-regions of Douro (Portugal)Publication . Ribeiro, A.C.; Barreales, David; Andrade, João Verdial; Rodrigues, M.A.; Blanco-Ward, DanielThe agronomic and physiological behaviour of the Portuguese grapevine cultivars Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca (Vitis vinifera L.), were 3810-193 studied under distinct climatic conditions across Douro valley in the Demarcated Region of Douro - Portugal. The Douro region is divided into three climatic sub-regions: Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo, and Douro Superior whose weather characteristics are presented and discussed in this study. In the Douro valley, low precipitation values along with high temperatures and high radiation exposure give rise to situations of intense summer water and thermic stress. These conditions are particularly more severe in the Cima Corgo and Douro Superior sub-regions. The main objective of this study was to characterize the agronomic and physiological response of the cultivars Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca growing under natural rainfed field conditions, during 2017 growing season. The experiment was conducted in commercial vineyards located in the Demarcated Douro Region (RDD). Three study areas were considered in this study: (i) Baixo Corgo (BC): Quinta da Pacheca in Régua (Lat. 41°08'28.8"N, Long. 7°49'01.2"W, elevation 136 m); Cima Corgo (CC): Quinta do Porto in Pinhão (Lat. °10'21.1"N, Long. 7°34'13.8"W, elevation 174 m) and Douro Superior (DS): Quinta da Leda in Almendra (Lat. (41°01'31.6"N, Long. 7°00'55.7"W, elevation 235 m). Physiological (stem water potential, stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate and intrinsic water use efficiency) and agronomic (leaf area index (LAI); pruning weigh, productivity and berry composition) parameters were monitored on vines of both cultivars, growing under different summer water stress conditions: severe (DS) moderate (CC) and weak (BC).
- Analysis of climate change indices in relation to wine production: a case study in the Douro region (Portugal)Publication . Blanco-Ward, Daniel; Monteiro, Alexandra; Lopes, Myriam; Borrego, Carlos S.; Silveira, Carlos; Viceto, Carolina; Rocha, Alfredo; Ribeiro, A.C.; Andrade, João Verdial; Feliciano, Manuel; Castro, João Paulo; Barreales, David; Carlos, Cristina; Peixoto, Carlos; Miranda, Ana IsabelClimate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the wine-growing regions of the world, in particular the Douro region, are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing season temperatures limited to 13–21◦C. This study focuses on the incidence of climate variables and indices that are relevant both for climate change detection and for grape production with particular emphasis on extreme events (e.g. cold waves, storms, heat waves). Dynamical downscaling ofMPI-ESM-LR global data forced with RCP8.5 climatic scenario is performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro valley of Portugal for recent-past (1986–2005) and future periods (2046– 2065; 2081–2100). The number, duration and intensity of events are superimposed over critical phenological phases of the vine (dormancy, bud burst, flowering, v´eraison, and maturity) in order to assess their positive or negative implications on wine production in the region. An assessment on the statistical significance of climatic indices, their differences between the recent-past and the future scenarios and the potential impact on wine production is performed. Preliminary results indicate increased climatic stress on the Douro region wine production and increased vulnerability of its vine varieties. These results will provide evidence for future strategies aimed to preserve the high-quality wines in the region and their typicality in a sustainable way.
- Aplicação de azoto e boro ao solo e foliar em amendoalPublication . Arrobas, Margarida; Rodrigues, M.A.; Barreales, David; Pereira, Ermelinda; Afonso, Sandra; Capelo, Márcio Amaro Bueno Sorrentino; Ribeiro, A.C.Com vista a melhorar o sistema de recomendação de fertilização para a amendoeira, foi instalado um ensaio de campo em Alfândega da Fé (NE Portugal) num pomar com uma densidade de plantação de 6x4 m. O delineamento experimental consistiu na aplicação de 4 doses de N (0, 25, 50 e 100 kg N ha-1) e 4 doses de B (0, 1, 2 e 3 kg B ha-1) ao solo, suplementadas com aplicações foliares de N (3 aplicações de ureia, 0,5%, durante a estação de crescimento) ou B (duas aplicações com 0,3 kg B ha-1). Um delineamento equivalente ao anterior de aplicação de N e B ao solo foi mantido sem adubação foliar. Avaliou-se a produção de fruto e a proporção de semente (amêndoa), endocarpo e mesocarpo. Procedeu-se à determinação da concentração de alguns nutrientes nos diferentes tecidos na data de colheita e ao cálculo da exportação dos nutrientes. A aplicação de N ao solo originou diferenças significativas na produção de fruto. As doses de 0 e 25 kg N ha-1 produziram menos que as doses de 50 e 100 kg N ha-1 (5,75, 8,29, 12,59 e 12,25 kg árvore-1, respetivamente). Em média, o endocarpo representou a fração do fruto com maior massa seca, 47,1%, o mesocarpo 40,1% e a semente 12,8%. O N exportado pelo fruto variou entre 15,0 g N árvore-1 (N0) e 69,7 g N árvore-1 (N100) com diferenças significativas entre doses. A suplementação foliar com N não resultou em acréscimo produtivo significativo. A aplicação de boro ao solo não mostrou efeito significativo na produção, tendo esta variado entre 12,0 kg árvore-1 em B0 e 9,1 kg árvore-1 em B3. O mesocarpo foi responsável pela maior exportação de B. A exportação deste nutriente variou entre 177,6 (B0) e 361,8 (B3) mg árvore-1. O suplemento foliar com B não revelou efeito positivo significativo.
- Aplicação de boro na amendoeira [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb.]: efeito na fisiologia e produtividade das árvoresPublication . Morais, Maria Cristina; Gonçalves, Berta C.C.; Ribeiro, A.C.; Bacelar, Eunice; Rodrigues, M.A.; Oliveira, Ivo; Prgomet, Iva; Afonso, Sílvia Martins; Bernardo, Sara; Barreales, David; Victor, D.; Silva, A.P.Nos últimos anos, tem-se assistido a um crescente interesse pela cultura da amendoeira (Prunus dulcis (Mill .) D.A.Webb.) na região de Trás-os-Montes, justificado pelo aumento de preço pago da amêndoa, ao produtor. Apesar da excelente adaptabilidade desta cultura as condições edafo-climáticas desta região, continuam a existir baixas rentabilidades devido, em parte, a instalação deficiente de muitos amendoais tradicionais de sequeiro e a adopção de técnicas de cultivo pouco adequadas. Uma das técnicas mais utilizadas para aumentar a produtividade dos amendoais é a fertilização que, na região de Trás-os-Montes, assume maior relevância dadas as carências de azoto e boro nos solos. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se os resultados do primeiro ano (2015) dos efeitos da aplicação foliar e ao solo de boro na fisiologia e na produção da amendoeira cv. Glorieta num campo de ensaio instalado em Alfandega da Fé. Foram estabelecidos 8 tratamentos com concentrações variáveis de boro ao solo e combinados com aplicação foliar do mesmo micronutriente. Na altura da colheita, foi avaliado o estado fisiológico das árvores através da medição das trocas gasosas foliares, da fluorescência da clorofila a in vivo, e de parâmetros do estado hídrico bem como quantificada a produtividade das árvores. Dos resultados obtidos ressalta que, as árvores submetidas a aplicação de boro ao solo apresentam melhor resposta fisiológica comparativamente as árvores sujeitas a aplicação combinada de boro ao solo e por via to liar, m as se m efeito significativo na produtividade. E de esperar que os efeitos da aplicação de boro sejam mais evidentes no ano seguinte ao da aplicação pelo que será necessária prosseguir os estudos para confirmar qual a aplicação de boro mais adequada para o amendoal em condições de sequeiro.
- Assessing the risk of tropospheric ozone phytotoxic effect on Southern European Mediterranean environments: a review with emphasis on vineyardsPublication . Blanco-Ward, Daniel; Miranda, Ana Isabel; Silveira, Carlos; Ascenso, Ana; Gama, Carla; Monteiro, Alexandra; Lopes, Myriam; Borrego, Carlos S.; Ribeiro, A.C.; Feliciano, Manuel; Castro, João Paulo; Andrade, João Verdial; Barreales, David; Viceto, Carolina; Rocha, Alfredo; Carlos, CristinaTropospheric ozone in Southern Europe has an increasing tendency in association with a greater incidence of warm summers and heatwaves. As there is already much evidence of the negative effects that current ambient ozone has on vegetation, there is a need for consistent risk assessment methods. Ozone plant exposure-based parameters have been used extensively to support decision-making. However, these parameters have been also criticised, as they do not relate with the actual dose of ozone entering the plant. Moreover, in Mediterranean environments, they often overestimate the risk as thresholds are exceeded without corresponding evidence of damaging effects. To overcome these limitations, dose-based approaches were developed. These approaches have a stronger biological basis as they are based on estimates of the amount of ozone molecules that diffuse into the leaf cells through the stomata. However, they have also limitations, as detoxification processes or non-stomatal uptake are not often taken into consideration. This work presents a review regarding ambient ozone effects on vegetation and the indices used to assess phytotoxic risk in southern European Mediterranean plant communities and crops. Emphasis is given to the grapevine as three southern European countries (Spain, Italy and Portugal) are major wine producers concentrating more than 20% of the area under grapevines globally. These countries hold a long winemaking tradition associated to renowned denominations of origin (DOs). Therefore, there is concern regarding climate change as a potential threat to wine typicity in these areas, most of the work focusing on atmospheric variables, bioclimatic and climate change indices only. Results from the DOUROZONE project are presented with the aim to analyse the implications climate change can have in a significant Portuguese wine region such as the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR) including ozone-related indices as a novelty among other more frequently used bioclimatic and climate change indices.
- Avaliação do efeito de diferentes regimes hídricos na produtividade da água e rendimento do amendoalPublication . Ribeiro, A.C.; Barreales, David; Andrade, João Verdial; Pereira, Ermelinda; Victor, JoãoA amendoeira e uma especie muito tolerante a seca. Todavia, nao ha duvidas de que a rega e urn fator critico para o aumento da produtividade do amendoal e da qualidade da amendoa, em particular em regioes de clima mediterranico. 0 objetivo desse estudo consiste em avaliar o efeito de diferentes regimes hfdricos no rendimento e na produtividade da agua do amendoal. Neste trabalho, que enquadra num projeto mais amplo de avalia~ao de urn conjunto de estrategias integradas para o aumento da produtividade da amendoeira na regiao de Tras-os-Montes, apresentam-se os resultados de urn ensaio experimental que decorreu durante dois anos (2015-2016) num amendoal adulto (417 amendoeiras/hectare da variedade Ferragnes), localizado em Alfandega da Fe (lat. 41· 21'; long. 6· 57'; alt. 576 m). 0 dispositive experimental consistiu num sistema em blocos corn 4 tratamentos de rega e uma testemunha nao regada (NR). As dota~oes foram determinadas em fun~ao da evapotranspira~ao da cultura (ETc) : RP100 (100%ETc), RD70 (70%ETc) e RD35 (35%ETc) RDC (100%ETc ate ao enchimento do fruto e redu~ao posterior para 30%ETc). Os resultados mostram urn efeito significativo na melhoria do estado hfdrico das arvores regadas durante a esta~ao de crescimento. Os valores do potencial hidrico do ramo nas amendoeiras submetidas a RP100 variou entre -0,8 e -1,2 MPa diminuindo significativamente nos tratamentos submetidos a uma rega deficitaria. 0 potencial hidrico das amendoeiras nao regadas variou entre -2,0 e -3,5 MPa. Verificou-se, ao longo do periodo de crescimento, uma tendencia para urn maior aumento do peso seco do miolo da amendoa nos tratamentos RP100, RD70 e RDC relativamente ao tratamento RD35 e a testemunha NR. A produtividade da agua foi significativamente superior nas amendoeiras submetidas aos regimes hfdricos mais deficitarios. Os valores a variaram entre os 2,1 e 3,2 kg/ha/mm nos tratamentos corn rega plena e os 4,3 e 6,1 kg/ha/mm nos tratamentos de rega deficitaria.
- Avaliação do risco de efeito fitotóxico do ozono troposférico em ambientes Mediterrânicos do sul de Europa: uma revisão com ênfase na cultura da vinhaPublication . Blanco-Ward, Daniel; Miranda, Ana Isabel; Silveira, Carlos; Ascenso, Ana; Gama, Carla; Monteiro, Alexandra; Lopes, Myriam; Borrego, Carlos S.; Ribeiro, A.C.; Feliciano, Manuel; Castro, João Paulo; Andrade, João Verdial; Barreales, David; Viceto, Carolina; Rocha, Alfredo; Carlos, CristinaExiste uma preocupação crescente com os possíveis efeitos das alterações climáticas na indústria vitivinícola em relação à produtividade da vinha e à qualidade do vinho. Um estudo de campo que envolveu medições de ozono superficial, medições meteorológicas e observações fenológicas da vinha foi realizado numa área de produção de vinhos de renome internacional, a Região Demarcada do Douro (RDD). A avaliação dos possíveis efeitos fitotóxicos sobre a qualidade e a produção do vinho foi estimada com base num índice cumulativo de exposição ao ozono (o AOT40) e num parâmetro de dose de ozono fitotóxica (o POD6). Os padrões espaciais desses parâmetros também foram calculados através da aplicação de um modelo químico de transporte atmosférico (CHIMERE) e um modelo de deposição seca de ozono (EMEP). Os principais resultados indicam que a exposição da vinha a níveis de ozono da magnitude dos registados pode causar perdas até 10% na produtividade, porém esta relação requer estudos adicionais para uma mais correta integração das condições ambientais específicas da RDD, especialmente no que diz respeito ao comportamento das castas cultivadas na região, nas metodologias de cálculo destes parâmetros.
- Climate change impact on a wine-producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indicesPublication . Blanco-Ward, Daniel; Monteiro, Alexandra; Lopes, Myriam; Borrego, Carlos S.; Silveira, Carlos; Viceto, Carolina; Rocha, Alfredo; Ribeiro, A.C.; Andrade, João Verdial; Feliciano, Manuel; Castro, João Paulo; Barreales, David; Neto, Jorge; Carlos, Cristina; Peixoto, Carlos; Miranda, Ana IsabelClimate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the winegrowing regions of the world are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing-season temperatures (GSTs) limited to 13–21 C. This study focuses on the incidence of climate variables and indices that are relevant both for climate change assessment and for grape production, with emphasis on grapevine bioclimatic indices and extreme events (e.g., cold waves, storms, heatwaves). Dynamical downscaling of European Reanalysis-Interim and Max Planck Institute Earth System low-resolution global simulations forced with a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas emission scenario was performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro Valley of Portugal for recent-past (1986–2005) and future periods (2046–2065, 2081–2100). The number, duration and intensity of events were superimposed over critical phenological phases estimated by using a specific local grapevine varietal phenological model in order to assess their positive or negative implications for wine production in the region. An assessment of the relevance of climate parameters and indices and their progression in recent-past and future climate scenarios with regard to the potential impact on wine production was performed. Results indicate a positive relation between higher growing-season heat accumulations and greater vintage yields. A moderate incidence of very hot days (daily maximum temperature above 35 C) and drought from pre-véraison phenological conditions have a positive association with vintage ratings. However, the mid- and long-term WRF-MPI RCP8.5 future climate scenarios reveal shifts to warmer and drier conditions, with the mean GST not remaining within range for quality wine production in the long-term future climate scenario. These results indicate potential impacts that suggest a range of strategies to maintain wine production and quality in the region.
- Climate change potential effects on grapevine bioclimatic indices: a case study for the Portuguese Demarcated Douro Region (Portugal)Publication . Blanco-Ward, Daniel; Ribeiro, A.C.; Barreales, David; Castro, João Paulo; Andrade, João Verdial; Feliciano, Manuel; Viceto, Carolina; Rocha, Alfredo; Carlos, CristinaIn this work bioclimatic parameters and indices relevant to the grapevine are estimated for the years 2000 (past-recent), 2049 (medium-term future) and 2097 (long-term future), based on high resolution (1 km x 1 km) MPI-WRF RCP 8.5 climate simulations. The selected parameters and indices are mean temperature during the grapevine period (April to October), cumulative rainfall during the grapevine period, Winker index (IW), Huglin heliothermic index (IH), night cold index (IF) and dryness index (IS). In general, a significant increase in mean temperature during the grapevine period is observed, together with a significant decrease in precipitation. The present IW is associated with the production of high quality wines; the higher values predicted for the future represent intensive production of wines of intermediate quality. The IH show the passage of a growing region of the vine considered as hot-temperate to a warm category of higher helio-thermicity. At present, IF indicates very cool conditions (associated with quality wines), while in the future there is a tendency for temperate nights. Finally, IS indicates an increase in water stress considered already high in the present climate. An assessment on the statistical significance of climatic indices, their differences between the historical and the future scenarios and the potential impact on wine production is performed. Preliminary results indicate increased climatic stress on the Douro region wine production and increased vulnerability of its vine varieties. These results will provide evidence for future strategies aimed to preserve the high-quality wines in the region and their typicality in a sustainable way.