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Abstract(s)
O vinho é uma bebida apreciada em todo o mundo desde a antiguidade, fazendo com que o setor produza elevadas quantidades para satisfazer as necessidades de consumo. Em Portugal, o setor dos vinhos já representa mais de 80%, em número de empresas, da indústria de bebidas do país. Nas últimas décadas, além dos esforços desenvolvidos para melhorar a qualidade do produto, os vários intervenientes têm demonstrado uma enorme preocupação com a melhoria da sustentabilidade do setor. Atualmente, a análise do ciclo de vida é uma ferramenta que tem ganhado importância neste setor, principalmente no que tange à questão da sustentabilidade da produção de vinho. Essa ferramenta possibilita a quantificação de danos ambientais associados a toda a cadeia produtiva, permitindo melhorar o desempenho ambiental do setor. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e avaliar os impactes ambientais associados à produção do vinho na região sul de Portugal, e, ainda, através da análise de cenários futuros definidos com base nos resultados para a situação atual, apresentar um conjunto de medidas de mitigação dos principais impactes. A metodologia aplicada neste estudo apoiou-se na NP ISO 14040:2008, que estabelece as linhas orientadoras da aplicação da Análise do Ciclo de Vida. A análise de inventário e a avaliação de impacte foram efetuadas com o software GaBi 9.1. Foram considerados os estágios de produção da vinha, da vinificação, do engarrafamento e, ainda, as etapas a montante e a jusante, como: transporte de produtos, produção de diesel, a produção de energia, a produção de fitossanitários, agente de limpeza entre outros. Os dados relevantes para o estudo foram obtidos a partir da aplicação de questionários junto de empresas do setor e da consulta de literatura específica e de especialistas da área. As categorias de impactes analisados foram: potencial de aquecimento global (AG), potencial de acidificação (PA), potencial de eutrofização (PE) e o potencial de depleção abiótica (DA), de acordo com a metodologia CML 2001. Dois cenários foram aplicados: no primeiro, propôs-se a redução em 10% do uso de fitossanitários e 20% no uso de combustíveis consumidos nas máquinas agrícolas, e no segundo substituíram-se as garrafas de vidro por garrafas em material PET e garrafas de vidro mais leves. Os resultados foram expressos na unidade funcional de 0.75 L de vinho. Concluiu-se que a vinha foi a principal contribuidora para as categorias PA e DA, devido, maioritariamente ao uso de máquinas agrícolas e à produção de fitossanitários, respetivamente. O estágio do engarrafamento foi o maior contribuidor para as categorias restante, AG e PE, devido, principalmente, a produção de garrafas de vidro. Já a vinificação apresentou grande relevância apenas na categoria de PE, associado em grande parte às águas residuais. A introdução de medidas de melhoria para os problemas ambientais relacionados com a produção de fitossanitários e de máquinas agrícolas resultou na otimização de 9.5 a 35.2% dos impactes na vinha. A adesão à utilização de garrafas PET pode contribuir para uma redução de 15 a 42%, enquanto a substituição por garrafas de vidro mais leves pode reduzir os impactes em 5 a 15%. Neste sentido, foi possível rastrear e compreender os impactes ambientais associados à produção do vinho em estudo, confirmando que medidas de otimização dos impactes podem conduzir a importantes ganhos ambientais, garantindo uma produção mais sustentável a este setor.
Wine is a beverage that has been appreciated around the world since antiquity, making the sector produce high quantities to satisfy consumption needs. In Portugal, the wine sector already represents over 80%, in number of companies, of the country's beverage industry. In the last decades, in addition to the efforts made to improve product quality, the various stakeholders have shown an enormous concern with improving the sector's sustainability. Nowadays, life cycle assessment is a tool that has gained importance in this sector, especially regarding the issue of sustainability in wine production. This tool allows the quantification of environmental damage associated with the entire production chain, allowing the improvement of the environmental performance of the sector. In this context, the objective of the present study was to identify and assess the environmental impacts associated with wine production in the southern region of Portugal, and also, to present a set of mitigation measures for the main impacts through the analysis of future scenarios defined based on the results for the current situation. The methodology applied in this study was based on NP ISO 14040: 2008, which establishes the guidelines for the application of Life Cycle Assessment. The inventory analysis and the impact assessment were carried out using the GaBi 9.1 software. The production stages of the vineyard, winemaking and bottling were considered, as well as the stages upstream and downstream, such as: product transportation, diesel production, energy production, phytosanitary production, cleaning agent among others. The relevant data for the study was obtained from the application of questionnaires to companies in the sector and from the consultation of specific literature and specialists in the field. The categories of impacts analyzed were global warming potential (AG), acidification potential (PA), eutrophication potential (PE) and abiotic depletion potential (AD), according to the CML 2001 methodology. Two scenarios were applied: in the first, it was proposed a reduction of 10% in the use of phytosanitary products and 20% in the use of fuels consumed in agricultural machines, and in the second, the glass bottles were replaced by bottles made of PET material and bottles of lighter glass. The results were expressed in the functional unit of 0.75 L of wine. It was concluded that viniculture was the main contributor to the PA and DA categories, mainly due to the use of agricultural machinery and the production of phytosanitary products, respectively. The bottling was the main contributor to the remaining categories, AG e PE, mainly due to the production of glass bottles. Winemaking, on the other hand, was more relevant only for the categories of PE, associated in large part with wastewater. The introduction of improvement measures for environmental problems related to the production of phytosanitary products and agricultural machinery resulted in the optimization of 9.5 to 35.2% of the impacts on the vineyard. Adherence to the use of PET bottles can contribute to a reduction of 15 to 42%, while the substitution for lighter glass bottles can reduce the impacts by 5 to 15%. In this sense, it was possible to track and understand the environmental impacts associated with the production of the wine under study, confirming that measures to optimize impacts can lead to important environmental gains, ensuring a more sustainable production for this sector.
Wine is a beverage that has been appreciated around the world since antiquity, making the sector produce high quantities to satisfy consumption needs. In Portugal, the wine sector already represents over 80%, in number of companies, of the country's beverage industry. In the last decades, in addition to the efforts made to improve product quality, the various stakeholders have shown an enormous concern with improving the sector's sustainability. Nowadays, life cycle assessment is a tool that has gained importance in this sector, especially regarding the issue of sustainability in wine production. This tool allows the quantification of environmental damage associated with the entire production chain, allowing the improvement of the environmental performance of the sector. In this context, the objective of the present study was to identify and assess the environmental impacts associated with wine production in the southern region of Portugal, and also, to present a set of mitigation measures for the main impacts through the analysis of future scenarios defined based on the results for the current situation. The methodology applied in this study was based on NP ISO 14040: 2008, which establishes the guidelines for the application of Life Cycle Assessment. The inventory analysis and the impact assessment were carried out using the GaBi 9.1 software. The production stages of the vineyard, winemaking and bottling were considered, as well as the stages upstream and downstream, such as: product transportation, diesel production, energy production, phytosanitary production, cleaning agent among others. The relevant data for the study was obtained from the application of questionnaires to companies in the sector and from the consultation of specific literature and specialists in the field. The categories of impacts analyzed were global warming potential (AG), acidification potential (PA), eutrophication potential (PE) and abiotic depletion potential (AD), according to the CML 2001 methodology. Two scenarios were applied: in the first, it was proposed a reduction of 10% in the use of phytosanitary products and 20% in the use of fuels consumed in agricultural machines, and in the second, the glass bottles were replaced by bottles made of PET material and bottles of lighter glass. The results were expressed in the functional unit of 0.75 L of wine. It was concluded that viniculture was the main contributor to the PA and DA categories, mainly due to the use of agricultural machinery and the production of phytosanitary products, respectively. The bottling was the main contributor to the remaining categories, AG e PE, mainly due to the production of glass bottles. Winemaking, on the other hand, was more relevant only for the categories of PE, associated in large part with wastewater. The introduction of improvement measures for environmental problems related to the production of phytosanitary products and agricultural machinery resulted in the optimization of 9.5 to 35.2% of the impacts on the vineyard. Adherence to the use of PET bottles can contribute to a reduction of 15 to 42%, while the substitution for lighter glass bottles can reduce the impacts by 5 to 15%. In this sense, it was possible to track and understand the environmental impacts associated with the production of the wine under study, confirming that measures to optimize impacts can lead to important environmental gains, ensuring a more sustainable production for this sector.
Description
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Keywords
Produção de vinho ACV Impactes ambientais Análise de cenários Sustentabilidade