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The Norseman Xtreme Triathlon: A narrative review of current scientific evidence on performance, physiology, and health risks

2026Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorKnechtle, Beat
dc.contributor.authorAndrade, Marilia Santos
dc.contributor.authorLeite, Luciano Bernardes
dc.contributor.authorForte, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorNikolaidis, Pantelis Theo
dc.contributor.authorChlibkova, Daniela
dc.contributor.authorWeiss, Katja
dc.contributor.authorRosemann, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorDuric, Sasa
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-19T10:26:30Z
dc.date.available2026-02-19T10:26:30Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstractThe 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon', held annually in Norway, is considered one of the world's most challenging triathlons, surpassing the traditional IRONMAN (R)-distance in terms of difficulty. This narrative review aims to summarize the current scientific evidence to support athletes and coaches in preparation for this event.MethodsWe conducted a narrative review to summarize the current scientific literature on the 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon'. A structured search was conducted in two major databases-PubMed and Scopus-using free-text terms related to 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon'. The search included articles published up to the end of November 2025, without language restrictions. After removing duplicates and unrelated articles based on title and abstract screening, 16 relevant publications were included for analysis.ResultsOver the years, the number of female and male finishers increased, the men-to-women ratio decreased, and both split and overall race times decreased. Most athletes competing in the 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon' came from Norway, and Norwegian athletes achieved the most podiums. The race affects different organ systems and biomarkers, with increased values of WBC, CK, NT-proBNP, CRP and AST returning to pre-race levels within hours or days. Due to the cold environment, athletes appeared to be at risk of developing hypothermia and swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) during swimming and both exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) after the race.ConclusionsParticular care is needed in preparing for the cold water and general cold environment during cycling and running. The specific nutritional demands, the aspects of pre-race preparation (e.g. training, experience), post-race recovery trajectories, hormonal profiles, or psychological responses of the 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon' remain underexplored and represent an important area for future research.eng
dc.identifier.citationKnechtle, Beat; Andrade, Marilia S.; Leite, Luciano B.; Forte, Pedro; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Chlibkova, Daniela; Weiss, Katja; Rosemann, Thomas; Duric, Sasa (2026). The Norseman Xtreme Triathlon: A narrative review of current scientific evidence on performance, physiology, and health risks. Sport Sciences for Health. ISSN 1824-7490. 22:1, p. 1-14
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11332-026-01652-6
dc.identifier.issn1824-7490
dc.identifier.issn1825-1234
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/35801
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherSpringer-Verlag Italia
dc.relation.ispartofSport Sciences for Health
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectSwimming
dc.subjectCycling
dc.subjectRunning
dc.subjectUltra-endurance
dc.subjectExtreme endurance events
dc.titleThe Norseman Xtreme Triathlon: A narrative review of current scientific evidence on performance, physiology, and health riskseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage17
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleSport Sciences for Health
oaire.citation.volume22
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameForte
person.givenNamePedro
person.identifier.ciencia-id351B-B16B-79C7
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0184-6780
relation.isAuthorOfPublication3ecc6d1b-07a4-40d7-81f4-df6fd7b3d5b0
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery3ecc6d1b-07a4-40d7-81f4-df6fd7b3d5b0

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