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Estratégias municipais de adaptação às alterações climáticas: o caso dos municípios da Comunidade Intermunicipal das Terras de Trás-os-Montes (CIM-TTM)
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Abstract(s)
O combate às alterações climáticas é um problema importante para o planeta que deve ser tido em conta por todos. Exige uma resposta articulada com o governo e os municípios na adequação de medidas que possam minimizar os efeitos sentidos das alterações climáticas.
Neste contexto, surgem os Planos Municipais de Ação Climática (PMAC) como instrumento para orientar os decisores políticos dos municípios no planeamento de estratégias locais de adaptação e mitigação dos impactos climáticos.
Este estudo analisa os PMAC dos municípios que integram a Comunidade Intermunicipal das Terras de Trás-os-Montes (CIM-TTM) de forma a compreender o grau de adequação das estratégias de mitigação às alterações climáticas delineadas às especificidades concretas de cada município. O papel dos municípios torna-se fundamental neste fim, uma vez que é a entidade política mais próxima dos munícipes, tendo, por isso, o dever de zelar pela sua segurança e de os integrar nas propostas a serem implementadas.
Questionar os munícipes sobre os problemas ambientais a serem resolvidos sob a sua jurisdição constitui uma mais-valia na mitigação das alterações climáticas. Desta forma, o município tem autonomia para a formulação de políticas públicas que são mais facilmente concretizadas e aplicadas de forma mais plena em cada território. Na contextualização do propósito do presente trabalho, foram considerados, para o efeito, os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU n.º 11 relativo a Cidades e Comunidades Sustentáveis, n.º 12 que pressupõe a Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis, o n.º 13 com a Ação Climática e o n.º 15 que concretiza a Proteção da Vida Terrestre.
Para a realização da presente dissertação, quanto à metodologia foi considerada uma abordagem mista, isto é, quantitativa com através da análise documental dos PMAC e
qualitativa por meio da elaboração de entrevistas a decisores públicos municipais.
Os PMAC dos nove municípios da CIM-TTM apresentam uma forte uniformidade na estrutura, objetivos, medidas, dificuldades e fontes de financiamento. Embora esta
padronização traga vantagens administrativas, revela-se tecnicamente insuficiente, já que não atende às especificidades de cada município. Observam-se ainda limitações na participação pública, fragilidades nos mecanismos de monitorização (ou seja, indicadores pouco claros e responsabilidades e prazos indefinidos) e elevada dependência de financiamento externo sem estratégias de mobilização de recursos.
Conclui-se que a falta de diferenciação compromete a adequação e eficácia dos planos, sendo necessária uma abordagem mais adaptada às realidades locais, com metas claras, maior envolvimento comunitário e sistemas de acompanhamento e financiamento robustos.
Combating climate change is an important issue for our planet that must be taken into account by all of us. It requires a coordinated response from the government and municipalities in adapting measures that can minimize the effects of climate change. In this context, Municipal Climate Action Plans (PMACs) emerge as a tool to guide municipal policymakers in planning local strategies for adaptation and mitigation of climate impacts. This study analyzes the PMACs of the municipalities that make up the Intermunicipal Community of Terrras de Trás-os-Montes (CIM-TTM) in order to understand the degree to which the strategies outlined are appropriate to the specific characteristics of each municipality. It is clear that the role of municipalities is fundamental, as they are the political entities closet to residents and have a duty to ensure their safety and involve them in the proposals to be implemented. Asking residents about the environmental problems to be solved in their municipality is an asset in mitigating climate change. In this way, the municipality has public policies that are more easily implemented and applied more fully in each territory. With all this in mind, it is necessary to take into account the various objectives of the United Nations (UN), namely the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 12 on Sustainable Production and Consumption, SDG 13 on Climate Action, and SDG 15 on Life on Land. To carry out this dissertation, a mixed methodology was used, i.e., quantitative through documentary analysis of the PMACs and qualitative through interviews with municipal public decision-makers. The PMACs of the nine municipalities of CIM-TTM show strong uniformity in structure, objectives, measures, difficulties, and sources of financing. Although this standardization has administrative advantages, it is technically insufficient, as it does not address the specificities of each municipality. There are also limitations in public participation, weaknesses in monitoring mechanisms (i.e., unclear indicators and undefined responsibilities and deadlines), and high dependence on external financing without resource mobilization strategies. It is concluded that the lack of differentiation compromises the adequacy and effectiveness of the plans, requiring an approach that is more adapted to local realities, with clear goals, greater community involvement, and robust monitoring and financing systems.
Combating climate change is an important issue for our planet that must be taken into account by all of us. It requires a coordinated response from the government and municipalities in adapting measures that can minimize the effects of climate change. In this context, Municipal Climate Action Plans (PMACs) emerge as a tool to guide municipal policymakers in planning local strategies for adaptation and mitigation of climate impacts. This study analyzes the PMACs of the municipalities that make up the Intermunicipal Community of Terrras de Trás-os-Montes (CIM-TTM) in order to understand the degree to which the strategies outlined are appropriate to the specific characteristics of each municipality. It is clear that the role of municipalities is fundamental, as they are the political entities closet to residents and have a duty to ensure their safety and involve them in the proposals to be implemented. Asking residents about the environmental problems to be solved in their municipality is an asset in mitigating climate change. In this way, the municipality has public policies that are more easily implemented and applied more fully in each territory. With all this in mind, it is necessary to take into account the various objectives of the United Nations (UN), namely the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 12 on Sustainable Production and Consumption, SDG 13 on Climate Action, and SDG 15 on Life on Land. To carry out this dissertation, a mixed methodology was used, i.e., quantitative through documentary analysis of the PMACs and qualitative through interviews with municipal public decision-makers. The PMACs of the nine municipalities of CIM-TTM show strong uniformity in structure, objectives, measures, difficulties, and sources of financing. Although this standardization has administrative advantages, it is technically insufficient, as it does not address the specificities of each municipality. There are also limitations in public participation, weaknesses in monitoring mechanisms (i.e., unclear indicators and undefined responsibilities and deadlines), and high dependence on external financing without resource mobilization strategies. It is concluded that the lack of differentiation compromises the adequacy and effectiveness of the plans, requiring an approach that is more adapted to local realities, with clear goals, greater community involvement, and robust monitoring and financing systems.
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Keywords
Alterações climáticas Municípios Clima CIM-TTM Mitigação