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Understanding Differences in Swimming Velocity and Propulsive Force in the Butterfly Stroke: A Comparison Between Male and Female Butterfly Swimmers Through Discrete and Continuous Variables

2026Artigo científico Desconhecido
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Sociais::Ciências da Educação
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorPinto, Mafalda
dc.contributor.authorNeiva, Henrique P.
dc.contributor.authorSampaio, Tatiana
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, João P.
dc.contributor.authorMorais, J.E.
dc.contributor.authorMarinho, D.A.
dc.contributor.authorBarbosa, Tiago M.
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-20T10:24:26Z
dc.date.available2026-07-20T10:24:26Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstractThe aim of this study was to verify differences in swimming velocity and propulsive force (PF) between male and female swimmers in the butterfly stroke based on discrete variables and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM—continuous variables). The sample comprised 20 young national-level swimmers (10 boys with 17.9 ± 1.2 years and 10 girls with 15.5 ± 1.4 years). Swimming velocity, intracyclic variation of swimming velocity, stroke frequency, stroke length, stroke index, and PF were measured as discrete variables. Swimming velocity and PF were also measured as continuous variables with SPM. As a discrete variable, swimming velocity presented significant differences between sexes with very large effect sizes (p < 0.001, d = 2.46). The average PF also presented significant differences between sexes with very large effect sizes (p < 0.001, d = 2.01). Male swimmers were faster and generated greater PF than female swimmers. As for SPM, velocity presented significant differences between sexes (t = 3.355, p < 0.001) between ∼31 and ∼56% of the stroke cycle. This corresponds mainly to the end of the pull and most of the push phase. PF followed the same trend, with differences in the same phase of the time series. SPM allowed for identification where, within the stroke cycle, differences between sexes occurred in velocity and PF. Being in the same phase of the time series highlights the existing velocity–PF relationship. SPM can allow researchers and coaches to pinpoint the exact moments within the stroke cycle where differences between swimmers may occureng
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by national funds (FCT–Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the projects UID/04045/2025 and UID/6157/2025.
dc.identifier.citationPinto, Mafalda; Neiva, Henrique P.; Sampaio, Tatiana; Oliveira, João P.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Marinho, D.A.; Morais, J.E. (2026). Understanding Differences in Swimming Velocity and Propulsive Force in the Butterfly Stroke: A Comparison Between Male and Female Butterfly Swimmers Through Discrete and Continuous Variables. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011. p. 1-7
dc.identifier.doi10.1519/JSC.0000000000005520
dc.identifier.issn1064-8011
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/37009
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherNational Strength and Conditioning Association
dc.relationCentro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano - UID/04045/2025
dc.relationLiveWell
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectBiomechanics
dc.subjectButterfly
dc.subjectPropulsive force
dc.subjectStatistical parametric mapping
dc.subjectSwimming
dc.titleUnderstanding Differences in Swimming Velocity and Propulsive Force in the Butterfly Stroke: A Comparison Between Male and Female Butterfly Swimmers Through Discrete and Continuous Variablespor
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumberUID/04045/2025
oaire.awardTitleCentro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano - UID/04045/2025
oaire.awardTitleLiveWell
oaire.awardURIhttps://doi.org/10.54499/UID/04045/2025
oaire.awardURIhttps://livewell.ipb.pt
oaire.citation.endPage7
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleThe Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
oaire.fundingStreamAvaliação UID 2023/2024
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameSampaio
person.familyNameMorais
person.familyNameBarbosa
person.givenNameTatiana
person.givenNameJ.E.
person.givenNameTiago M.
person.identifier867179
person.identifier.ciencia-idAA12-BF58-EE60
person.identifier.ciencia-id8B11-BDC4-F6FF
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-8548-2907
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6885-0648
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7071-2116
person.identifier.scopus-author-id10044856400
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
relation.isAuthorOfPublication04e290ae-a93f-4d0b-a577-badc8e1067af
relation.isAuthorOfPublication80b13e62-254d-4d46-ad90-8b509ab523a8
relation.isAuthorOfPublication941a6f14-cfba-458a-a2e3-0cbd1846cd42
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery04e290ae-a93f-4d0b-a577-badc8e1067af
relation.isProjectOfPublicationc0174cae-979b-4aa3-a465-0fdc0080d543
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relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryc0174cae-979b-4aa3-a465-0fdc0080d543

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