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Authors
Abstract(s)
Considerada praga-chave da macieira, Cydia pomonella L., popularmente conhecida
como bichado-da-fruta, causa danos ao perfurar frutos e torná-los impróprios para
comercialização. A abordagem convencional para o controlo desta praga envolve o uso
de pesticidas químicos. No entanto, devido às desvantagens associadas a essa prática,
como o desenvolvimento de resistência e impactos negativos sobre insetos não-alvo,
métodos de monitorização e estratégias alternativas, como a confusão sexual, têm sido
adotados para reduzir de forma assertiva e sustentável a população da praga. Neste
sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a eficácia de duas estratégias de proteção no
combate à C. pomonella, a proteção integrada (PI) e a confusão sexual (CS) através da
avaliação de ataque aos frutos, em pomares localizados em Carrazeda Ansiães e Armamar
em 2020 e 2021. Monitorizou-se a dinâmica populacional dos adultos de C. pomonella
com recurso a armadilhas e a partir desta, ajustaram-se modelos de desenvolvimento com
as temperaturas locais registadas. Paralelamente comparou-se o efeito das duas estratégias
de proteção fitossanitária na abundância e diversidade funcional de artrópodes associados
à macieira. Em Carrazeda de Ansiães, os resultados das capturas em armadilhas
mostraram níveis populacionais superiores nos pomares em CS em relação aos pomares
em PI. As taxas de desorientação masculina variaram de 67% a 100%, enquanto o número
de gerações ao longo do período de monitorização variou de uma a duas. Já em Armamar,
os pomares em PI registraram maior número médio total de capturas por armadilha
comparado aos pomares em CS. Ambos os anos apresentaram duas gerações, com taxas
de desorientação masculina variando de 14% a 100%. A estratégia CS reduziu os estragos
em frutos provocados pela praga, entretanto, ambas as estratégias superaram o nível
econômico de ataque de 1%, exceto na parcela em CS em Armamar, que não registrou
danos em 2021. O modelo de desenvolvimento não apresentou consistência na previsão
dos estágios de vida do bichado-da-fruta em várias datas. O pomar em PI apresentou uma
abundância significativamente maior de artrópodes (2490 indivíduos) em comparação
com o pomar em CS (1333 indivíduos), enquanto não houve diferença significativa na
riqueza e no índice de Simpson entre os tratamentos. Os grupos mais abundantes em
ambos os tratamentos foram Diptera, Afídeo, Aranea e Parasitoides (Hymenoptera). A
interação significativa entre o tratamento e a data revelou a influência conjunta desses
fatores nas populações de herbívoros, parasitoides, polinizadores e predadores em ambas
as estratégias de proteção fitossanitária. Os resultados obtidos, demonstraram que o
controlo da praga depende do conhecimento do seu comportamento em relação ao
ambiente. Além disso, a fauna auxiliar pode desempenhar um papel importante na
limitação natural do bichado-da-fruta, sendo necessário aprofundar o conhecimento para
clarificar o papel de cada grupo na limitação natural de pragas da macieira.
Considered a key pest of apple trees, Cydia pomonella L., popularly known as the Codling moth, causes damage by penetrating into fruits, making them unsuitable for sale. The conventional approach in order to control this pest involves the use of chemical pesticides. Nevertheless, due to disadvantages associated with this practice, such as the development of resistance and negative impacts on non-target insects, monitoring methods and alternative strategies, such as mating disruption, have been adopted to reduce the pest population accurately and sustainably (to assertively and sustainably reduce the pest population). In this context, the aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of two protection strategies in combating C. pomonella, integrated protection (PI) and sexual confusion (CS), by evaluating fruit damage (through the evaluation of attacks upon fruits) in orchards located in Carrazeda de Ansiães and Armamar in 2020 and 2021. The population dynamics of C. pomonella adults were monitored using traps, and based on this data, development models were adjusted with the recorded local temperatures (the local temperatures recorded). Additionally, the impact of the two phytosanitary protection strategies on the abundance and functional diversity of arthropods associated with apple trees was compared. In Carrazeda de Ansiães trap capture results have shown higher population levels in CS orchards compared to PI orchards. Male disruption rates ranged from 67% to 100%, while the number of generations over the monitoring period varied from one to two. In Armamar, PI orchards recorded a higher average total trap capture compared to CS orchards. Both years have demonstrated two generations with male disruption rates ranging from 14% to 100%. The CS strategy reduced fruit damage caused by the pest; however, both strategies exceeded the economic damage threshold of 1%, except for the CS plot in Armamar, which showed no damage in 2021. The development model lacked consistency in predicting the life stages of the fruit borer on various dates. The PI orchard has shown significantly higher arthropod abundance (2490 individuals) compared to the CS orchard (1333 individuals), with no significant difference in richness and Simpson's index between treatments. The most abundant groups in both treatments were Diptera, aphid, Aranea, and parasitoids (Hymenoptera). The significant interaction between treatment and date have shown the combined influence of these factors on the populations of herbivore, parasitoids, pollinators, and predators in both phytosanitary protection strategies. The results obtained have demonstrated that pest control depends on the understanding of its behavior in relation to the environment. Furthermore, beneficial fauna can play a crucial role in the natural limitation of the Codling moth, necessitating further research to clarify the role of each group in the natural limitation of apple tree pests.
Considered a key pest of apple trees, Cydia pomonella L., popularly known as the Codling moth, causes damage by penetrating into fruits, making them unsuitable for sale. The conventional approach in order to control this pest involves the use of chemical pesticides. Nevertheless, due to disadvantages associated with this practice, such as the development of resistance and negative impacts on non-target insects, monitoring methods and alternative strategies, such as mating disruption, have been adopted to reduce the pest population accurately and sustainably (to assertively and sustainably reduce the pest population). In this context, the aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of two protection strategies in combating C. pomonella, integrated protection (PI) and sexual confusion (CS), by evaluating fruit damage (through the evaluation of attacks upon fruits) in orchards located in Carrazeda de Ansiães and Armamar in 2020 and 2021. The population dynamics of C. pomonella adults were monitored using traps, and based on this data, development models were adjusted with the recorded local temperatures (the local temperatures recorded). Additionally, the impact of the two phytosanitary protection strategies on the abundance and functional diversity of arthropods associated with apple trees was compared. In Carrazeda de Ansiães trap capture results have shown higher population levels in CS orchards compared to PI orchards. Male disruption rates ranged from 67% to 100%, while the number of generations over the monitoring period varied from one to two. In Armamar, PI orchards recorded a higher average total trap capture compared to CS orchards. Both years have demonstrated two generations with male disruption rates ranging from 14% to 100%. The CS strategy reduced fruit damage caused by the pest; however, both strategies exceeded the economic damage threshold of 1%, except for the CS plot in Armamar, which showed no damage in 2021. The development model lacked consistency in predicting the life stages of the fruit borer on various dates. The PI orchard has shown significantly higher arthropod abundance (2490 individuals) compared to the CS orchard (1333 individuals), with no significant difference in richness and Simpson's index between treatments. The most abundant groups in both treatments were Diptera, aphid, Aranea, and parasitoids (Hymenoptera). The significant interaction between treatment and date have shown the combined influence of these factors on the populations of herbivore, parasitoids, pollinators, and predators in both phytosanitary protection strategies. The results obtained have demonstrated that pest control depends on the understanding of its behavior in relation to the environment. Furthermore, beneficial fauna can play a crucial role in the natural limitation of the Codling moth, necessitating further research to clarify the role of each group in the natural limitation of apple tree pests.
Description
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Keywords
Bichado-da-fruta Proteção integrada Confusão sexual Modelos de desenvolvimento Fauna auxiliar