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Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension

2025Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde
datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Outras Ciências Médicas
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Miriam
dc.contributor.authorFonseca, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorFernandes, Aléxia
dc.contributor.authorBrito, André V.
dc.contributor.authorBarbosa, Tiago M.
dc.contributor.authorVilas-Boas, João Paulo
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-12T14:39:47Z
dc.date.available2026-06-12T14:39:47Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractThe most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns—breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles—while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation (dv) and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research is funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the institutional grant attributed to the Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) (reference UIDB/05913/2020, DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/05913/2020) and an individual PhD grant (DOI: 10.54499/2021.08308.BD).
dc.identifier.citationAlves, Miriam; Fonseca, Pedro; Fernandes, Aléxia; Brito, André V.; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo (2025). Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension. Sensors. ISSN 1424-8220. 25:10, p. 1-22
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/s25103104
dc.identifier.issn1424-8220
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/36873
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
dc.relationCentro de Investigação, Formação, Inovação e Intervenção em Desporto - UIDB/05913/2020
dc.relationEnergetics, kinematics and active drag in the breaststroke swimming technique (2021.08308.BD)
dc.relation.ispartofSensors
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectBreathing patterns
dc.subjectCenter of mass
dc.subjectKinematics
dc.subjectSwimming
dc.titleAnalyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimensioneng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumber2021.08308.BD
oaire.awardTitleCentro de Investigação, Formação, Inovação e Intervenção em Desporto - UIDB/05913/2020
oaire.awardTitleEnergetics, kinematics and active drag in the breaststroke swimming technique (2021.08308.BD)
oaire.awardURIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/36872
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/POR_NORTE/2021.08308.BD/PT
oaire.citation.endPage22
oaire.citation.issue10
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleSensors
oaire.citation.volume25
oaire.fundingStreamPOR_NORTE
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameBarbosa
person.givenNameTiago M.
person.identifier.ciencia-id8B11-BDC4-F6FF
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7071-2116
person.identifier.scopus-author-id10044856400
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
relation.isAuthorOfPublication941a6f14-cfba-458a-a2e3-0cbd1846cd42
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery941a6f14-cfba-458a-a2e3-0cbd1846cd42
relation.isProjectOfPublication30530a5d-c094-4fce-845d-888a0865360d
relation.isProjectOfPublication4abe2ad5-128e-4bb5-b1d8-b535ea2fdf00
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscovery30530a5d-c094-4fce-845d-888a0865360d

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