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Abstract(s)
A amendoeira é uma árvore tipicamente mediterrânica. Em Portugal, Trás – os
Montes é uma das principais zonas produtoras de amêndoa. Nesta região o
conhecimento acerca da biologia das pragas e artropodofauna da cultura é escasso.
Assim, com o presente trabalho pretendeu-se estudar o ciclo biológico dos insectos:
Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852), Anarsia lineatella Zell, Grapholita
molesta (Busck), Cossus cossus (L.) e Zeuzera pyrina (L.), que atacam a amendoeira,
bem como identificar os principais grupos de artrópodes associados à cultura.
O estudo decorreu de Abril a Setembro de 2007 e Abril a Outubro de 2008 num
amendoal de Vilarinho dos Galegos (Mogadouro) onde, com periodicidade semanal, se
procedeu à contagem e registo do número de lepidópteros adultos (A. lineatella, G.
molesta, C. cossus e Z. pyrina) capturados em armadilha com feromona. Para o estudo
de M. unicostata (em estado imaturo), procedeu-se semanal ou quinzenalmente à
recolha de 20 folhas em 20 árvores para observação da existência de ovos, ninfas e
adultos bem como do número de folhas com estragos visíveis. Paralelamente e com
periodicidade quinzenal foi realizada a técnica das pancadas em 25 árvores escolhidas
aleatoriamente na parcela para recolha de adultos de M. unicostata e dos artrópodes
associados à cultura. O material recolhido foi separado e os artrópodes capturados
foram contados e identificados até à ordem, família ou espécie.
Os resultados obtidos apresentaram uma tendência similar em ambos os anos em
estudo. Assim, no que se refere a M. unicostata, há ocorrência de posturas durante todo
o período de amostragem com maior incidência durante o mês de Junho e Julho. O
máximo de ninfas observadas ocorreu na primeira e segunda semanas de Agosto, em
2007 e 2008 respectivamente; por outro lado, os adultos registaram um maior número
no final de Julho/início de Agosto de ambos os anos. O número de folhas com estragos
provocados pelo insecto foi aumentando ao longo do tempo e atingiu cerca de 60 % das
folhas o que indica a grande importância desta praga na região. Quanto à praga A.
lineatella, encontra-se presente de Abril a Outubro e o número médio de capturas
semanais foi máximo em Junho de 2007 e em Julho de 2008, onde se registaram
capturas médias de 20 e 17 adultos respectivamente. Relativamente a G. molesta, o
número médio de capturas semanais foi máximo em finais de Abril de 2007, com
capturas de 5 adultos, e no início de Maio de 2008 com capturas médias de 9 adultos
ix
por semana. A presença de adultos Z. pyrina e C. cossus foi muito reduzida ou mesmo
ausente, sendo que em 2007 não ocorreram capturas de Z. pyrina e em 2008 apenas foi
capturado um exemplar. No que respeita a C. cossus, em 2007 capturou-se um adulto
enquanto em 2008 se capturaram três exemplares.
Os resultados obtidos mostram ainda uma grande diversidade de artrópodes.
Obteve-se um total de 2784 e 2328 indivíduos, respectivamente em 2007 e 2008
representados pelos taxa: Araneae, Coccinelidae, Outros Coleoptera, Diptera,
Formicidae, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, Hymenoptera, Psocopera e
Plecoptera.
As aranhas foram o grupo com maior número de capturas em ambos os anos,
com 38,9% em 2007 e 31,4% em 2008. Seguiram-se os outros coleópteros com 17,2% e
16,3% do total de indivíduos recolhidos, os dípteros com 14,6% e 10,7%, os
psocópteros com 9,7% e 20,9% e os himenópteros com 8,3% e 11,9% à excepção das
formigas, estas com 3,7% e 1,3%. Em ambos os anos, os coccinelídeos surgiram em
número considerável (3,4% e 3,7%), identificando-se quinze espécies pertencentes a
esta família. Os neurópteros representam 1,5% e 1,9% do total de indivíduos, os
heterópteros (excepto M. unicostata) com 1,6% e 1,3%. Os restantes grupos com menos
importância representam menos de 1% em ambos os anos.
Este trabalho permitiu, desta forma, perceber a bio-ecologia das principais
pragas da amendoeira e a diversidade e abundância de artrópodes associados à cultura.
The almond tree is typical of the Mediterranean region. In Portugal, Trás-os- Montes region is one of the major almond producers. In this region, the knowledge about the biology of pests and arthropodofauna is scarce. Thus, with the present work we intend to study the biological cycle of Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852), Anarsia lineatella Zell, Grapholita molesta (Busck), Cossus cossus (L.) and Zeuzera pyrina (L.), insects that attack the almond tree, as well as to identify the main group of arthropods associated to this culture. This study was conducted from April to September of 2007, and from April to October of 2008, in a almond orchard in Vilarinho dos Galegos (Mogadouro), where, weekly, was proceeded to the counting of and record of the adult lepidopterans (A. lineatella, G. molesta, C. cossus and Z. pyrina), captured in traps with pheromone. For the study of M. unicostata (in an immature state), was collected, with one week or fifteen days window, 20 leaves of 20 trees, in order to examine the presence of eggs, nymphs and adults, as well as the number of leaves presenting visible damage. By other hand, every two weeks, was executed the beating technique on 25 randomly selected trees, in order to collect the adults of M. unicostata and the arthropods associated to this culture. All the samples were separated and the captured arthropods were counted and identified, by order, family or specie. The results obtained shown a similar pattern on both years of the study. Therefore, and regarding M. unicostata, egg-laying was observed throughout the entire sampling period, with high incidence in June and July. The higher number of nymphs occurred in the first and second weeks of August of 2007 and 2008, respectively, and, by other hand, the adults reach their maximum in the period between the end of July and the beginning of August, on both years. The numbers of leaves with damage caused by the insect increased with time and it reached about 60% of the leaves, which proves the great importance of this pest in the region, concerning A. lineatella, it was found present in the orchard from April to October, and the average number of captures per week was maximum in June of 2007 and July of 2008, where captures presented an average number of 20 and 17 adults, respectively. With reference to G. molesta, the average weekly capture was higher in late April of 2007, with 5 adults, and in the beginning of May of 2008, with 9 adults captured per week. The presence of adults of Z. pyrina and xi C. cossus was reduced or even inexistent, with only one adult of Z. pyrina, in 2008 and one captured adult of C. cossus in 2007 and 3 adults in 2008. The beating technique also showed a large diversity of arthropods. A total of 2784 and 2328 individuals were collected, in 2007 and 2008, respectively, representing the taxa: Araneae, Coccinelidae, Other Coleoptera, Diptera, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, Hymenoptera, Psocopera and Plecoptera. Spiders were the group with higher number of captures in both years, representing 38,9% in 2007 and 31,4% in 2008. Other coleopterans were the second most present insects, with 17,2% and 16,3% of the total individuals, followed by Diptera, with, 14,6% and 10,7%, Psocoptera, with 9,7% and 20,9% and hymenoptera, with 8,3% and 11,9%, excluding ants, with 3,7% and 1,3%. In both years, Coccinelidae individuals appear in considerable number (3,4% and 3,7%), with 15 species of this family identified. Neuropterans represent 1,5% and 1,9% of the total individuals, Heteroptera (excluding M. unicostata) 1,6% and 1,3%. The remaining groups represented less than 1% of the total individuals, in both years. The present work allows the understanding of the bio-ecology of the major pests of almond trees, as well as an overview of the diversity and abundance of arthropods associated to this culture.
The almond tree is typical of the Mediterranean region. In Portugal, Trás-os- Montes region is one of the major almond producers. In this region, the knowledge about the biology of pests and arthropodofauna is scarce. Thus, with the present work we intend to study the biological cycle of Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852), Anarsia lineatella Zell, Grapholita molesta (Busck), Cossus cossus (L.) and Zeuzera pyrina (L.), insects that attack the almond tree, as well as to identify the main group of arthropods associated to this culture. This study was conducted from April to September of 2007, and from April to October of 2008, in a almond orchard in Vilarinho dos Galegos (Mogadouro), where, weekly, was proceeded to the counting of and record of the adult lepidopterans (A. lineatella, G. molesta, C. cossus and Z. pyrina), captured in traps with pheromone. For the study of M. unicostata (in an immature state), was collected, with one week or fifteen days window, 20 leaves of 20 trees, in order to examine the presence of eggs, nymphs and adults, as well as the number of leaves presenting visible damage. By other hand, every two weeks, was executed the beating technique on 25 randomly selected trees, in order to collect the adults of M. unicostata and the arthropods associated to this culture. All the samples were separated and the captured arthropods were counted and identified, by order, family or specie. The results obtained shown a similar pattern on both years of the study. Therefore, and regarding M. unicostata, egg-laying was observed throughout the entire sampling period, with high incidence in June and July. The higher number of nymphs occurred in the first and second weeks of August of 2007 and 2008, respectively, and, by other hand, the adults reach their maximum in the period between the end of July and the beginning of August, on both years. The numbers of leaves with damage caused by the insect increased with time and it reached about 60% of the leaves, which proves the great importance of this pest in the region, concerning A. lineatella, it was found present in the orchard from April to October, and the average number of captures per week was maximum in June of 2007 and July of 2008, where captures presented an average number of 20 and 17 adults, respectively. With reference to G. molesta, the average weekly capture was higher in late April of 2007, with 5 adults, and in the beginning of May of 2008, with 9 adults captured per week. The presence of adults of Z. pyrina and xi C. cossus was reduced or even inexistent, with only one adult of Z. pyrina, in 2008 and one captured adult of C. cossus in 2007 and 3 adults in 2008. The beating technique also showed a large diversity of arthropods. A total of 2784 and 2328 individuals were collected, in 2007 and 2008, respectively, representing the taxa: Araneae, Coccinelidae, Other Coleoptera, Diptera, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, Hymenoptera, Psocopera and Plecoptera. Spiders were the group with higher number of captures in both years, representing 38,9% in 2007 and 31,4% in 2008. Other coleopterans were the second most present insects, with 17,2% and 16,3% of the total individuals, followed by Diptera, with, 14,6% and 10,7%, Psocoptera, with 9,7% and 20,9% and hymenoptera, with 8,3% and 11,9%, excluding ants, with 3,7% and 1,3%. In both years, Coccinelidae individuals appear in considerable number (3,4% and 3,7%), with 15 species of this family identified. Neuropterans represent 1,5% and 1,9% of the total individuals, Heteroptera (excluding M. unicostata) 1,6% and 1,3%. The remaining groups represented less than 1% of the total individuals, in both years. The present work allows the understanding of the bio-ecology of the major pests of almond trees, as well as an overview of the diversity and abundance of arthropods associated to this culture.
Description
Keywords
Citation
Pereira, Susana da Conceição Ventura (2009). Principais pragas e auxiliares associados à amendoeira no Planalto Mirandês. Bragança: ESA. Dissertação de Mestrado em Agroecologia
Publisher
Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior Agrária