Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O olival biológico tem assumido cada vez mais importância na região da Terra Quente Transmontana.
Neste sentido, com o presente trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar em primeiro lugar as práticas agrícolas associadas à olivicultura em modo de Produção Biológico na região da Terra Quente Transmontana. Para tal, efectuaram-se inquéritos acerca das práticas agrícolas utilizadas. No que respeita às características do olival biológico, o olival de sequeiro (580,5 ha) tem maior predominância relativamente ao olival em regadio (162 ha), o que corresponde a 44 % da área total em olivicultura biológica na região da Terra Quente Transmontana.
Na gestão do coberto vegetal, a maioria dos olivicultores faz a gestão do coberto maioritariamente através do corte mecânico (53,4%).
Na aplicação de fertilizantes, a maioria dos inquiridos faz aplicações de adubos biológicos (33,4%) e de substâncias à base de cobre (60%) para o combate de doenças.
A maioria dos inquiridos diz ter aderirido à agricultura biológica por questões de saúde humana, preservação da biodiversidade e maior harmonia com o ambiente (40%).
Verificou-se que alguns dos inquiridos têm olival biológico certificado e outros ainda estão em fase de transição e que a maioria tinha conhecimento e fazia uso dos princípios e regras adoptados par este tipo de olivicultura.
Em segundo lugar fez-se a caracterização morfológica e quantificação da intensidade de ataque proveniente de mosca-da-azeitona em amostras de azeitona biológica recolhidas na Região da Terra Quente Transmontana e respectiva caracterização físico-química de amostras de azeite biológico correspondentes a três amostras de azeite, incidindo na determinação da acidez, índice de peróxido, espectrofotometria no ultravioleta, teor em fenóis totais e na actividade sequestradora de radicais livres (DPPH e ABTS). O que se verificou foi que a amostra de azeitona que apresentou uma maior percentagem de ataque de mosca-da-azeitona, foi a que foi colhida mais tarde relativamente às outras duas amostras e este facto poderia ter contribuído para que houvesse uma maior infestação por parte desta praga. O mesmo não se pôde concluir relativamente a outra amostra de azeitona que não tinha azeite correspondente, que apesar de ter sido colhida mais cedo do que em relação às outras amostras, verificou-se que foi aquela que obteve uma maior percentagem de ataque de mosca-da-azeitona. Na avaliação dos parâmetros de qualidade, houve uma amostra de azeite (que correspondia à amostra de azeitona que obteve maior percentagem de infestação da mosca-da-azeitona) que apresentou um maior valor de acidez, IP, K270, estando este fora dos limites estabelecidos para o azeite virgem extra, sendo assim considerado um azeite virgem e maior valor de ΔK. Ou seja, esta amostra de azeite apresentou uma diminuíção da sua resistência e consequentemente uma diminuíção do tempo de prateleira do produto relativamente às outras duas amostras de azeite analisadas. O mesmo não aconteceu com outra amostra de azeite (que correspondia à amostra de azeitona com menor percentagem de ataque de mosca-da-azeitona) que não se verificaram os valores dos parâmetros de qualidade mais baixos, mas na avaliação da actividade antioxidante esta amostra de azeite apresentou uma maior actividade antioxidante nos três parâmetros avaliados (teor de fenóis totais, actividade sequestradora do radical DPPH e ABTS). Apesar dos resultados não terem apresentado uma tendência linear, o ataque da mosca-da- azeitona, a data de colheita, poderiam ter sido um dos factores a influenciar a qualidade da azeitona e do azeite
The organic olive grove has assumed an increasing importance in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana. In this sense, the aim of the present work is to evaluate the agricultural practices associated with the olive mode organic production in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana. For this, inquiries were done to know the management practices used. As regards characteristics of the organic olive groves, the olive upland (580,5 ha) has higher prevalence comparing to the olive irrigation (162 ha), this corresponds to 44% of total area of organic olive grove in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana. In the management of vegetation, olive growers manages the covered mainly through mechanic cutting (53,4%). In the application of fertilizers, most respondents make organic fertilizer applications (33,4%) and copper-based substances (60%) in order to combat diseases. Most respondents said to have acceded to organic olive grove for human health purposes, biodiversity conservation and greater harmony with the environment (40%). It was found that some of the respondents have certified organic olive grove and others are still in the transition phase and that most knew and made use of the principles and rules adopted for this type of olive growing. In the second place was made morphological characterization and quantification of the intensity of the attack from olive fruit fly in organic olive samples harvested in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana and their physicochemical characterization of oil samples corresponding to three organic samples oil, focusing on the determination of acidity, peroxide value, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, total phenolics content and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS). It has been found was that the sample of olive showed a higher percentage of attack of the olive fly, was that harvested later in relation to the other two samples and this could have contributed to that there was a greater infestation by this pest. The same could not be concluded with respect to another sample of olive that had no corresponding although it has been taken earlier than for other samples, it was found that it was obtained that a greater percentage of fly attack the olive. In the evaluation of the quality parameters, there was an oil sample (which corresponded to sample olive with highest percentage of infestation of olive fly) that showed a higher amount of acidity, IP, K270, this being outside the limits set for extra virgin olive oil, and therefore considered a virgin olive oil and higher value of ΔK. The same did not happen with another oil sample (which corresponds to the sample with the lowest proportion of olive attack fly-olive) that there were no parameter values of lower quality, but the evaluation of antioxidant activity of this sample oil showed higher antioxidant activity in all parameters evaluated (total phenolics content and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS)). Although the results have not shown a linear trend, the attack of the olive fly, the date of harvest, could have been one of the factors influencing the quality of olive and olive oil.
The organic olive grove has assumed an increasing importance in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana. In this sense, the aim of the present work is to evaluate the agricultural practices associated with the olive mode organic production in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana. For this, inquiries were done to know the management practices used. As regards characteristics of the organic olive groves, the olive upland (580,5 ha) has higher prevalence comparing to the olive irrigation (162 ha), this corresponds to 44% of total area of organic olive grove in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana. In the management of vegetation, olive growers manages the covered mainly through mechanic cutting (53,4%). In the application of fertilizers, most respondents make organic fertilizer applications (33,4%) and copper-based substances (60%) in order to combat diseases. Most respondents said to have acceded to organic olive grove for human health purposes, biodiversity conservation and greater harmony with the environment (40%). It was found that some of the respondents have certified organic olive grove and others are still in the transition phase and that most knew and made use of the principles and rules adopted for this type of olive growing. In the second place was made morphological characterization and quantification of the intensity of the attack from olive fruit fly in organic olive samples harvested in the region of the Terra Quente Transmontana and their physicochemical characterization of oil samples corresponding to three organic samples oil, focusing on the determination of acidity, peroxide value, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, total phenolics content and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS). It has been found was that the sample of olive showed a higher percentage of attack of the olive fly, was that harvested later in relation to the other two samples and this could have contributed to that there was a greater infestation by this pest. The same could not be concluded with respect to another sample of olive that had no corresponding although it has been taken earlier than for other samples, it was found that it was obtained that a greater percentage of fly attack the olive. In the evaluation of the quality parameters, there was an oil sample (which corresponded to sample olive with highest percentage of infestation of olive fly) that showed a higher amount of acidity, IP, K270, this being outside the limits set for extra virgin olive oil, and therefore considered a virgin olive oil and higher value of ΔK. The same did not happen with another oil sample (which corresponds to the sample with the lowest proportion of olive attack fly-olive) that there were no parameter values of lower quality, but the evaluation of antioxidant activity of this sample oil showed higher antioxidant activity in all parameters evaluated (total phenolics content and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS)). Although the results have not shown a linear trend, the attack of the olive fly, the date of harvest, could have been one of the factors influencing the quality of olive and olive oil.
Description
Keywords
Terra Quente Transmontana Olivicultura biológica Azeitona Mosca-da-azeitona Análise morfológica Azeite