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Processo de comercialização e transformação da castanha de caju na Guiné-Bissau de 2017 a 2021 desafios e oportunidades
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A indústria da castanha de caju na Guiné-Bissau é fundamental para economia e a sociedade do país, representando uma das principais fontes de rendimento para os agricultores e para a exportação. Entre 2017 e 2021, o setor enfrentou desafios na produção, comercialização e transformação, com a maior parte da castanha de caju a ser exportada in natura, o que gera perda de valor económico. A cadeia produtiva da castanha de caju envolve várias etapas, desde o cultivo tradicional até ao seu processamento, o que limita a agregação de valor ao produto e das receitas para o país. A dependência da castanha de caju como principal produto de exportação, que representa cerca de 90% das receitas de exportação, torna a economia do país vulnerável às flutuações do mercado internacional. O setor apresenta dificuldades estruturais, como baixa mecanização, insuficiência de infraestruturas e falta de capacitação técnica, além de uma forte presença de operadores estrangeiros na comercialização. No âmbito das políticas públicas, a Guiné-Bissau tem implementado iniciativas para promover a comercialização e transformação da castanha de caju. Destacam-se programas de apoio à capacitação de agricultores e operadores locais, bem como na criação de centros de agregação e processamento, visando incentivar a transformação local do produto. Contudo, essas políticas ainda se mostram pouco eficazes devido à insuficiência de recursos, à falta de uma estratégia de diversificação e ao pouco investimento na modernização da indústria. A ausência de uma política coordenada de incentivo à transformação, que gere valor agregado, tem limitado o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor. A análise de custos realizada demonstra que a transformação local da castanha de caju é economicamente viável, apresentando uma margem de lucro significativamente superior à obtida na exportação em bruto. Os resultados da análise de sensibilidade reforçam esta conclusão, revelando que, mesmo em cenários adversos de variação de preços ou de custos operacionais, a industrialização do produto mantém-se vantajosa do ponto de vista económico. Estes dados sustentam a necessidade de reorientar as políticas públicas para o incentivo à transformação local, com foco na criação de condições estruturais, financeiras e logísticas que promovam a valorização interna da castanha de caju. Embora o mercado global da castanha de caju esteja em crescimento, a modernização do processamento e uma política de incentivo à transformação local poderiam ampliar a rentabilidade, reduzir a dependência de exportação da castanha in natura e promover o desenvolvimento socioeconómico do país. A adoção das políticas públicas mais estruturadas e sustentáveis é essencial para fortalecer a cadeia produtiva e garantir uma participação mais significativa na cadeia de valor.
The cashew nut industry in Guinea-Bissau is fundamental to the country's economy and society, representing one of the main sources of income for farmers and exports. Between 2017 and 2021, the sector faced challenges in production, marketing and processing, with most cashew nuts being exported in their natural state, which generates a loss of economic value. The cashew nut production chain involves several stages, from traditional cultivation to processing, which limits the added value of the product and the revenue for the country. The dependence on cashew nuts as the main export product, which accounts for about 90% of export revenue, makes the country's economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the international market. The sector faces structural difficulties, such as low mechanisation, inadequate infrastructure and a lack of technical training, as well as a strong presence of foreign operators in marketing. In terms of public policy, Guinea-Bissau has implemented initiatives to promote the marketing and processing of cashew nuts. Noteworthy are programmes to support the training of farmers and local operators, as well as the creation of aggregation and processing centres, with a view to encouraging local processing of the product. However, these policies remain ineffective due to insufficient resources, the lack of a diversification strategy, and low investment in industry modernisation. The absence of a coordinated policy to encourage value-added processing has limited the sector's sustainable development. The results of the sensitivity analysis reinforce this conclusion, revealing that even in adverse scenarios of price or operating cost variations, the industrialisation of the product remains economically advantageous. These data support the need to reorient public policies towards encouraging local processing, with a focus on creating structural, financial and logistical conditions that promote the internal valorisation of cashew nuts. Although the global cashew nut market is growing, modernising processing and implementing a policy to encourage local processing could increase profitability, reduce dependence on exports of raw nuts, and promote the country's socioeconomic development. The adoption of more structured and sustainable public policies is essential to strengthen the production chain and ensure more significant participation in the value chain.
The cashew nut industry in Guinea-Bissau is fundamental to the country's economy and society, representing one of the main sources of income for farmers and exports. Between 2017 and 2021, the sector faced challenges in production, marketing and processing, with most cashew nuts being exported in their natural state, which generates a loss of economic value. The cashew nut production chain involves several stages, from traditional cultivation to processing, which limits the added value of the product and the revenue for the country. The dependence on cashew nuts as the main export product, which accounts for about 90% of export revenue, makes the country's economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the international market. The sector faces structural difficulties, such as low mechanisation, inadequate infrastructure and a lack of technical training, as well as a strong presence of foreign operators in marketing. In terms of public policy, Guinea-Bissau has implemented initiatives to promote the marketing and processing of cashew nuts. Noteworthy are programmes to support the training of farmers and local operators, as well as the creation of aggregation and processing centres, with a view to encouraging local processing of the product. However, these policies remain ineffective due to insufficient resources, the lack of a diversification strategy, and low investment in industry modernisation. The absence of a coordinated policy to encourage value-added processing has limited the sector's sustainable development. The results of the sensitivity analysis reinforce this conclusion, revealing that even in adverse scenarios of price or operating cost variations, the industrialisation of the product remains economically advantageous. These data support the need to reorient public policies towards encouraging local processing, with a focus on creating structural, financial and logistical conditions that promote the internal valorisation of cashew nuts. Although the global cashew nut market is growing, modernising processing and implementing a policy to encourage local processing could increase profitability, reduce dependence on exports of raw nuts, and promote the country's socioeconomic development. The adoption of more structured and sustainable public policies is essential to strengthen the production chain and ensure more significant participation in the value chain.
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Keywords
Comercialização Processamento Castanha de caju Políticas públicas Guiné- Bissau