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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Com este estágio de 18 meses pretendeu-se caracterizar explorações agro-pecuárias de baixa, média e elevada altitude da ilha de São Miguel, de modo avaliar as dificuldades mais sentidas pelos produtores de leite e identificar novos desafios e potencialidades no sector.
Desta forma, foram realizados inquéritos a vários tipos de produtores de leite, quatro produtores em baixa altitude, quatro em média altitude e quatro em elevada altitude, assim como, a avaliação das pastagens, efetuada mensalmente através de amostragem por corte para determinação da biomassa produzida e a caracterização das zonas em estudo.
Os dados recolhidos vieram confirmar a importância das pastagens e das forragens como principal suporte da produção de bovinos. As forragens são predominantemente anuais, existindo também algumas bianuais. Em relação às pastagens, na sua maioria são permanentes, ocupando 88 % da superfície das explorações agrícolas, e possuindo uma longevidade superior a 15 anos, enquanto as restantes são temporárias, sujeitas a sementeiras regulares e mantidas até 2 anos, com necessidades de serem renovadas e semeadas quando se verificam vários fenómenos, como, produtividade reduzida, nível elevado de infestantes ou rotação de culturas, entre outros.
Os sistemas de produção de carne e de leite, largamente disseminados e estabelecidos na ilha de São Miguel, baseiam-se no pastoreio contínuo ou rotacional ao longo do ano das pastagens permanentes e temporárias, em diferentes altitudes, utilizando as forragens como complemento. As principais forragens são à base de azevém italiano (Lolium Multiflorum Lam.) e de milho (Zea mays L.), fornecidas na forma de silagem.
Conclui-se que a produtividade anual das pastagens diminui cerca de 50 % com o aumento da altitude, o mesmo acontecendo com a sua sazonalidade, devido à diminuição da produção nos meses de Primavera/Verão. As gramíneas são a família de plantas dominante nas pastagens, com valores médios de 70 a 90% da matéria seca produzida, enquanto as leguminosas têm baixas percentagens, exceto nas zonas de média altitude, onde se registou o valor médio de 19%.
This traineeship of 18 months was intended to characterize low, medium and high altitude mixed-farming farms on the island of São Miguel, in order to evaluate the difficulties most felt by milk producers and identify new challenges and potentialities in the sector. In this way, milk producer surveys were carried out on four producers at low altitude, four at medium altitude and four at high altitudes, as well as monthly pasture evaluation through cut-off sampling to determine the biomass produced and the characterization of the zones under study. The data collected confirmed the importance of pastures and forages as the main support for the production of cattle. The forages are predominantly annual, there being also some biennials. Regarding pastures, most of them are permanent, occupying 88% of the area of agricultural holdings and having a longevity of more than 15 years, while the remaining are temporary, subject to regular sowing and maintained for up to 2 years, with the need to be renewed and sown when there are several phenomena, such as reduced productivity, high level of weeds or crop rotation, among others. The meat and milk production systems, widely disseminated and established on the island of São Miguel, are based on continuous or rotational grazing throughout the year of permanent and temporary pastures, at different altitudes, using forages as a complement. The main forages are based on Italian ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum Lam.) and corn (Zea mays L.), supplied in the form of silage. It is concluded that the annual pasture yields drop about 50% with the increase of altitude, the same happening with its seasonality, due to the yield decrease in the months of Spring / Summer. Grasses are the dominant plant family in pastures, with average values of 70 to 90% of the dry matter yield, while legumes have low percentages, except in the medium altitude areas, where the average value was 19%.
This traineeship of 18 months was intended to characterize low, medium and high altitude mixed-farming farms on the island of São Miguel, in order to evaluate the difficulties most felt by milk producers and identify new challenges and potentialities in the sector. In this way, milk producer surveys were carried out on four producers at low altitude, four at medium altitude and four at high altitudes, as well as monthly pasture evaluation through cut-off sampling to determine the biomass produced and the characterization of the zones under study. The data collected confirmed the importance of pastures and forages as the main support for the production of cattle. The forages are predominantly annual, there being also some biennials. Regarding pastures, most of them are permanent, occupying 88% of the area of agricultural holdings and having a longevity of more than 15 years, while the remaining are temporary, subject to regular sowing and maintained for up to 2 years, with the need to be renewed and sown when there are several phenomena, such as reduced productivity, high level of weeds or crop rotation, among others. The meat and milk production systems, widely disseminated and established on the island of São Miguel, are based on continuous or rotational grazing throughout the year of permanent and temporary pastures, at different altitudes, using forages as a complement. The main forages are based on Italian ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum Lam.) and corn (Zea mays L.), supplied in the form of silage. It is concluded that the annual pasture yields drop about 50% with the increase of altitude, the same happening with its seasonality, due to the yield decrease in the months of Spring / Summer. Grasses are the dominant plant family in pastures, with average values of 70 to 90% of the dry matter yield, while legumes have low percentages, except in the medium altitude areas, where the average value was 19%.
Description
Keywords
Altitude Bovinos Gramíneas Leguminosas Leite Matéria seca Pastagens Produção