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Hierarchical clustering of the pre-exam anxiety levels in physically inactive and active adolescent students from 56 countries: an observational study using PISA program data

2025Journal article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Sociais::Ciências da Educação
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorEncarnação, Samuel
dc.contributor.authorTeixeira, José Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorForte, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorLeite, Luciano Bernardes
dc.contributor.authorSortwell, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorBranquinho, Luís
dc.contributor.authorFerraz, Ricardo
dc.contributor.authorAfonso, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorVaz, Paula Marisa Fortunato
dc.contributor.authorMonteiro, António M.
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-30T09:32:54Z
dc.date.available2025-07-30T09:32:54Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractThe relationship between physical activity and anxiety among students has been extensively studied, with research highlighting the protective effects of physical activity on mental well-being. Methods: This article synthesizes existing literature on the topic and presents a novel analysis of pre-exam anxiety rates among physically inactive high school students from 56 countries. Using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018, a hierarchical clustering method was applied to identify four clusters based on strati ed country groups by the students pre-exam anxiety levels. Results: The results indicated ve clusters for low physically active students (three with higher anxiety rates and two with lower levels of the condition) and four clusters for the low physically active individuals (two for higher anxiety rates and two for lower levels). Furthermore, the hierarchical model worked with good precision in the clustering task. In conclusion, considering the low physically active students, Brazil (82%) and the Dominican Republic (81%) recorded the highest pre-exam anxiety levels, while the Czech Republic (35%) had the lowest. Among the physically active students, Malaysia (82%), Brazil (81%), and Costa Rica (81%) recorded the highest anxiety levels, whereas again, the Czech Republic (35%) had the lowest. Discussion: These ndings emphasize that although physical activity generally relates to reduced anxiety, this association varies across cultural and educational contexts.por
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology, IP, under grant numbers UID/CED/04748/2020 and UID/04045/2020.
dc.identifier.citationEncarnação, Samuel; Teixeira, José Eduardo; Forte, Pedro; Leite, Luciano Bernardes; Sortwell, Andrew; Branquinho, Luís; Ferraz, Ricardo; Afonso, Pedro; Vaz, Paula Marisa Fortunato; Monteiro, António M. (2025). Hierarchical clustering of the pre-exam anxiety levels in physically inactive and active adolescent students from 56 countries: an observational study using PISA program data. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. ISSN 2624-9367. 7, p. 1-11
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fspor.2025.1509959
dc.identifier.issn2624-9367
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/34696
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherFrontiers Media
dc.relationLife Quality Research Centre
dc.relationResearch Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development
dc.relation.ispartofFrontiers in Sports and Active Living
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectAnxiousness
dc.subjectUnsupervised machine learning
dc.subjectTeens
dc.subjectHealthy lifestyle
dc.subjectSocial protection
dc.titleHierarchical clustering of the pre-exam anxiety levels in physically inactive and active adolescent students from 56 countries: an observational study using PISA program datapor
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleLife Quality Research Centre
oaire.awardTitleResearch Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F04748%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F04045%2F2020/PT
oaire.citation.endPage11
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleFrontiers in Sports and Active Living
oaire.citation.volume7
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameEncarnação
person.familyNameTeixeira
person.familyNameForte
person.familyNameVaz
person.familyNameMonteiro
person.givenNameSamuel
person.givenNameJosé Eduardo
person.givenNamePedro
person.givenNamePaula Marisa Fortunato
person.givenNameAntónio M.
person.identifier.ciencia-id9416-E2F5-E660
person.identifier.ciencia-idD11C-9591-7A8A
person.identifier.ciencia-id351B-B16B-79C7
person.identifier.ciencia-id421B-9F32-65C9
person.identifier.ciencia-idC41C-6CCD-A1F0
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-2965-2777
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-4612-3623
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0184-6780
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7678-6781
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-4467-1722
person.identifier.ridK-6545-2015
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57191541426
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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