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Abstract(s)
A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) é uma planta típica do Mediterrâneo, região na qual se
encontra perfeitamente adaptada, e onde apresenta uma enorme importância económica,
social e paisagística. Esta planta é atacada por diferentes fitófagos que podem prejudicar
o seu desenvolvimento e produção. No agroecossitema olival coexiste uma grande
diversidade de artrópodes que prestam importantes serviços ecossistémicos como a
predação de organismos praga. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a
comunidade da ordem Araneae e Coleoptera, ao nível taxonómico de família, no olival
transmontano bem como comparar a diversidade funcional entre áreas do olival e áreas
adjacentes de mato mediterrânico. A amostragem dos indivíduos decorreu nos meses de
maio e junho de 2015 e 2016 em quatro áreas da região de Mirandela (Nordeste de
Portugal). Em cada área de olival e mato adjacentes, foram utilizadas nove armadilhas
de queda, com desenho de grade e substituição a cada sete dias. Os artrópodes
capturados foram triados, e as aranhas e coleópteros identificados até o nível
taxonómico de família. Ao longo dos dois anos de estudo, na ordem Araneae foram
capturados 6984 indivíduos pertencentes a 26 famílias, dominando as Lycosidae,
Gnaphosidae e Zodariidae, com grande predominância de guilds relacionados com o
solo. Verificou-se uma baixa complementaridade entre as áreas de olival e mato em
termos de famílias. A maior abundância e riqueza de famílias foram observadas nos
olivais, não se observando contudo diferenças significativas na diversidade (1-D) entre
ambos os ecossistemas quer em termos de famílias quer de guilds. Relativamente à
ordem Coleoptera, foram capturados 4742 indivíduos agrupando um total de 25
famílias. As famílias mais abundantes foram Anthicidae, Staphylinidae e Scarabaeidae,
e as menos Buprestidae, Cleridae e Ripiphoridae. A abundância total foi significativente
superior nas áreas de olival em 2016, enquanto a riqueza de famílias foi
significativamente superior nas áreas de olival em ambos os anos de estudo, não
havendo diferenças na diversidade (1-D). A complementaridade entre áreas (mato e
olival) foi baixa em ambos os anos de estudo refletindo comunidades semelhantes em
termos de famílias. Quer nos olivais quer nas áreas de mato adjacente as famílias
identificadas foram na sua maioria predadores, o que sugere que as áreas seminaturais
adjacentes podem atuar como refúgio temporário para as aranhas e coleópteros perante
perturbações originadas por práticas agrícolas nas áreas de cultura. Os resultados
sugerem também que as áreas adjacentes são fonte de diversidade fornecendo recursos alimentares alternativos quando estes escasseiam no olival. Desta forma, a manutenção
e conservação destas áreas seminaturais adjacentes à cultura podería contribuir para a
limitação natural de pragas exercida pelas aranhas e coleópteros no agroecossistema
olival.
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a typical Mediterranean plant, a region in which it is perfectly adapted and has enormous economic, social, and landscape importance. The olive crop is attacked by diferent pests that may be harmful to its development and production. The olive grove agroecosystem houses a high diversity of arthropods that can provide ecosystem services and help in biological control. In this sense, the objective of this work was to characterize the community of Araneae and Coleoptera at the taxonomic level of family in the olive grove in Trás-os-Montes and compare the functional diversity between the olive grove and adjacent areas of Mediterranean shrublands. The sampling of individuals took place in May and June 2015 and 2016 in four areas of the Mirandela region (Northeast Portugal). Nine pitfall traps were placed in each olive grove and adjancent shurbland area using a regular grid design and each trap was replaced on a weekly basis. The captured arthropods were sorted and the spiders and beetles identified up to the taxonomic level of family. During both years of study 6984 individuals of Araneae were captured encompassing 26 families. In general, the dominant families were Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae and Zodariidae, with a large predominance of soil-related guilds over the two years of study. There was a low complementarity between the olive grove and shrubland areas in terms of families. The highest abundance and richness of families were observed in the olive groves. However, in terms of diversity (1-D), no statistically significant differences were found between both ecosystems in terms of families or guilds. On the other hand, 4742 beetles were captured encompassing a total of 25 families. In general, the dominant families were Anthicidae, Staphylinidae and Scarabaeidae, while the least abundant were Buprestidae, Cleridae and Ripiphoridae. Total abundance was significantly higher in olive grove areas in 2016 when compared to the shurbland areas, while richness was significantly higher in the olive grove in both years of study. On the contrary, there were no significant differences in terms of diversity (1-D). The complementarity between areas (bush and olive groves) was low in both years of study, reflecting similar communities in terms of families. Both in the olive groves and the adjacent shrubland areas the dominant families were mostly predators. This suggests that adjacent shrublands could act as a spatial buffer for spiders and beetles. These semi-natural areas could provide shelter for spiders and beetles during disturbances derived from agricultural managent. In addition, these areas could provide alternative resources for potential natural enemies among Aranae and Coleoptera thus allowing temporary migration between the olive grove and the shrubland. Maintenance and conservation of these semi-natural areas adjacent to the crop may contribute to the natural limitation of pests exerted by spiders and beetles in the olive grove agroecosystem system.
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a typical Mediterranean plant, a region in which it is perfectly adapted and has enormous economic, social, and landscape importance. The olive crop is attacked by diferent pests that may be harmful to its development and production. The olive grove agroecosystem houses a high diversity of arthropods that can provide ecosystem services and help in biological control. In this sense, the objective of this work was to characterize the community of Araneae and Coleoptera at the taxonomic level of family in the olive grove in Trás-os-Montes and compare the functional diversity between the olive grove and adjacent areas of Mediterranean shrublands. The sampling of individuals took place in May and June 2015 and 2016 in four areas of the Mirandela region (Northeast Portugal). Nine pitfall traps were placed in each olive grove and adjancent shurbland area using a regular grid design and each trap was replaced on a weekly basis. The captured arthropods were sorted and the spiders and beetles identified up to the taxonomic level of family. During both years of study 6984 individuals of Araneae were captured encompassing 26 families. In general, the dominant families were Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae and Zodariidae, with a large predominance of soil-related guilds over the two years of study. There was a low complementarity between the olive grove and shrubland areas in terms of families. The highest abundance and richness of families were observed in the olive groves. However, in terms of diversity (1-D), no statistically significant differences were found between both ecosystems in terms of families or guilds. On the other hand, 4742 beetles were captured encompassing a total of 25 families. In general, the dominant families were Anthicidae, Staphylinidae and Scarabaeidae, while the least abundant were Buprestidae, Cleridae and Ripiphoridae. Total abundance was significantly higher in olive grove areas in 2016 when compared to the shurbland areas, while richness was significantly higher in the olive grove in both years of study. On the contrary, there were no significant differences in terms of diversity (1-D). The complementarity between areas (bush and olive groves) was low in both years of study, reflecting similar communities in terms of families. Both in the olive groves and the adjacent shrubland areas the dominant families were mostly predators. This suggests that adjacent shrublands could act as a spatial buffer for spiders and beetles. These semi-natural areas could provide shelter for spiders and beetles during disturbances derived from agricultural managent. In addition, these areas could provide alternative resources for potential natural enemies among Aranae and Coleoptera thus allowing temporary migration between the olive grove and the shrubland. Maintenance and conservation of these semi-natural areas adjacent to the crop may contribute to the natural limitation of pests exerted by spiders and beetles in the olive grove agroecosystem system.
Description
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Keywords
Diversidade Predadores Guild Área seminatural Luta biológica