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- Analysis of the physiological response in junior tennis players during short-term recovery: understanding the magnitude of recovery until and after the 25 seconds rulePublication . Morais, J.E.; Bragada, José A.; Silva, Rui; Nevill, Alan M.; Nakamura, Fabio Y.; Marinho, D.A.Literature lacks evidence about the physiological recovery of tennis players between points. This study aimed to: (i) verify the heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) recovery variance in young tennis players from the end of a tennis drill until the 25-s mark and onwards (65-s limit), performed at several intensities, and (ii) test the curve fitting that better characterizes the players’ HR and V̇O2 recovery, from the end of the drill until the 65-s mark. The sample was composed of 13 male tennis players (age: 16.80 ± 1.61 years) recruited from a National Tennis Association. Players were instructed to perform a drill test (“two-line drill wide mode”) based on an intensity increment protocol. Three levels of intensity were used based on the reserve HR and V̇O2. A significance level effect was observed on the HRreserve and V̇O2reserve (P <.001). At all three levels of intensity, the first 25 s were enough to significantly (P <.001) recover the HRreserve and V̇O2reserve. The same significance trend (P <.001) was maintained until the 65 s but with a lower magnitude over time. Overall, the HR and V̇O2 curve fitting indicated a cubic relationship at the three levels of intensity (except the V̇O2 at the first level). Considering the specific test performed, players significantly elicited their physiological profile for every additional 10 s (after the 25-s rule) in the three levels of intensity performed. Despite this being a drill test and not a competitive point, coaches, players, and tennis organizations should be aware of these findings
- Effects of musical cadence in the acute physiologic adaptations to head-out aquatic exercisesPublication . Barbosa, Tiago M.; Sousa, Vítor F.; Silva, A.J.; Reis, Victor M.; Marinho, D.A.; Bragada, José A.The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between musical cadence and the physiologic adaptations to basic head-out aquatic exercises. Fifteen young and clinically healthy women performed, immersed to the breast, a cardiovascular aquatic exercise called the ‘‘rocking horse.’’ The study design included an intermittent and progressive protocol starting at a 90 b min21 rhythm and increasing every 6 minutes, by 15 b min21, up to 195 b min21 or exhaustion. The rating of perceived effort (RPE) at the maximal heart rate achieved during each bout (HRmax), the percentage of the maximal theoretical heart rate estimated (%HRmax), and the blood lactate concentration ([La-]) were evaluated. The musical cadence was also calculated at 4 mmol L21 of blood lactate (R4), the RPE at R4 (RPE@R4), the HR at R4 (HR@R4), and the %HRmax at R4 (%HRmax@R4). Strong relationships were verified between the musical cadence and the RPE (R2 = 0.85; p , 0.01), the HRmax (R2 = 0.66; p , 0.01), the %HRmax (R2 = 0.61; p , 0.01), and the [La-] (R2 = 0.54; p , 0.01). The R4 was 148.13 6 17.53 b min21, the RPE@R4 was 14.53 6 2.53, the HR@R4 was 169.33 6 12.06 b min21, and the %HRmax@R4 was 85.53 6 5.72%. The main conclusion is that increasing musical cadence created an increase in the physiologic response. Therefore, instructors must choose musical cadences according to the goals of the session they are conducting to achieve the desired intensity.
- Relationship between oxygen uptake reserve and heart rate reserve in young male tennis players: implications for physical fitness monitoringPublication . Morais, J.E.; Bragada, José A.The aims of this study were to (i) verify the relationship between reserve oxygen uptake (VOreserve) and reserve heart rate (HRreserve) in young male tennis players, and (ii) understand the relationship between oxygen uptake (VO2) measured at the end of a tennis drill and recovery heart rate (HRrecovery) after the tennis drill. Ten young male tennis players (16.64 1.69 years; 62.36 6.53 kg of body mass; 175.91 5.26 cm of height) were recruited from the National Tennis Association. Players were instructed to perform a tennis drill based on an incremental intensity protocol. Afterward, three levels of intensity were used based on VO2reserve and HRreserve. A significant variance was observed between levels (VO2reserve and HRreserve = p < 0.001). VO2reserve presented a significant and high agreement with HRreserve. The mean data revealed non-significant differences (p > 0.05), a very high relationship of linear regression (R2 = 82.4%, p < 0.001), and high agreement in Bland Altman plots. VO2, at the highest level of intensity (>93%), presented a significant correlation with HRrecovery during the immediate 30 s after the drill (rs = 0.468, p = 0.028). Tennis coaches or instructors must be aware of the differences between monitoring or prescribing training intensities based on HRreserve or HRmax. They can also use HRrecovery for 30 s immediately after exercise to verify and understand the variation in their players’ cardiorespiratory capacities.
- The aging influence on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and energy expenditure adaptations in head-out aquatic exercises: differences between young and elderly womenPublication . Bartolomeu, Raúl Filipe; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Morais, J.E.; Lopes, Vitor P.; Bragada, José A.; Costa, M.J.The purpose of this study was to (1) to establish the relationship between acute physiological responses and musical cadence; and (2) compare physiologic responses between young and older women. Eighteen older (mean = 65.06 ± 5.77 years) and 19 young (mean = 22.16 ± 2.63 years) women underwent an intermittent and progressive protocol performing the head-out aquatic exercise "rocking horse. Results showed that older women demonstrated lower mean heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (bLa) and oxygen uptake (VO2) at rest. Hierarchical linear modelling showed that variations in the rating of perceived effort (RPE) and individual metabolic equivalent of task (MET) did not differ significantly by age group. However, during exercise, physiological responses of younger women were significantly different than for older women: in mean values, for each increased musical beat per minute (b/min), mean bLa was 0.003 mmol/l, VO2 0.024 ml/kg/min, and energy expenditure (EE) 0.0001 kcal/kg/min higher for younger women. This study shows that increases in musical cadence increased the cardiorespiratory, metabolic and energy expenditure responses. However, these responses during increasing intensity seemed to differ between young and older women, with lower values for the elderly group, when performing head-out aquatic exercises.
- Physiological adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises with different levels of body immersionPublication . Barbosa, Tiago M.; Garrido, Maria F.; Bragada, JoséThe purpose of this study was to compare the physiological adaptations to basic head-out aquatic exercises with different levels of body immersion. Sixteen young and clinically healthy subjects (9 women and 7 men) volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject performed 3 repetitions (on land, immersed to the hip, and immersed to the breast) of the aquatic exercise ‘‘rocking horse’’ for 6 minutes. The rating of perceived effort (RPE), the maximal heart rate achieved during the exercitation (HRmax), the percentage of the maximal theoretical heart rate estimated (%HRmax), the peak of oxygen uptake during the exercise (V˙ O2peak), and the energy expenditure (EE) were evaluated. The RPE was significantly higher when exercising immersed to the hip than on land ( p 0.01) and immersed to the breast ( p 0.03). The HRmax and %HRmax were significantly lower when exercising with immersion to the breast than on land ( p 0.01) and with immersion to the hip ( p 0.01). The V˙ O2peak was significantly different between all conditions. The lower mean value was verified when exercising immersed to the breast, followed by immersion to the hip and on land. The EE was significantly higher when performing aquatic exercises on land than when immersed to the hip ( p 0.02) and the breast ( p 0.01). So, physiological responses when exercising immersed to the hip are higher than when immersed to the breast. The physiological responses when exercising on land are higher than when exercising with immersion to the hip and to the breast.