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- Cross-paradigms or the interfaces of word-formation patterns: evidence from PortuguesePublication . Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares; Rodrigues, Pedro JoãoA paradigmatic approach has been applied to derivational morphology in recent studies (Štekauer 2014; Antoniová & Štekauer 2015; Blevins 2016). One of those studies (Rodrigues 2016) proposes the notion of cross-paradigms to describe the intersection of process-organised with affix-organised paradigms. This paper brings psycholinguistic evidence to the mental status of cross-paradigms, based on experimental data obtained from native Portuguese speakers. Cross-paradigms reveal the dynamic nature of the mental lexicon, as Elman (2011) and Libben (2014; 2015) have claimed.
- Cross-paradigms or word formation patterns in interface: evidence from PortuguesePublication . Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares; Rodrigues, Pedro JoãoOur aim is to demonstrate with Portuguese word-formation data collected from corpora that derivational paradigms are mental patterns dynamically organized around more than one axis in what we call cross-paradigms. Cross-paradigms are structured by affixes which may put different base-organized paradigms into interface. This hypothesis is supported by recent psycholinguistic approaches to the mental lexicon such as Libben (2014) (cf. Libben’s concepts on morphological transcendence and morphological superstates), according to whom the mental lexicon is not as an «inert knowledge store, [but] as a dynamic cognitive system that allows for lexical activity.» (Libben 2014: 209). Our hypothesis is also founded on linguistic works such as Corbin (1987), which, as demonstrated by Booij (2007), presents a paradigmatic perspective on word-formation, and on Blevins (2016). Following Štekauer (2014: 359), we consider derivational paradigms as «based on formal realization of a cognitive category by an affixation process.» According to Pounder (2000), different materials can organize each paradigm. It is not just a specific morpheme that functions as the axis of a certain paradigm. The axis may correspond also to the word-class, semantic rules, and other features labelled under ‘lexical paradigm’ by Pounder. Our work sticks to two main different paradigm relationships: the lexeme-base-class-organized paradigm and the affix-organized one. Giving examples from Portuguese, a lexeme-base-class organized paradigm is illustrated by deverbal nouns with different suffixes such as avaliação ‘evaluation’, matança ‘slaughter’, congelamento ‘freezing’, aterragem ‘landing’ and soldadura ‘soldering’. The axis of this paradigm corresponds to the base lexeme the nouns correlate with, which is a verb (avaliar ‘to evaluate’, matar ‘to kill’, congelar ‘to freeze’, aterrar ‘to land’, soldar ‘to solder’)
- Plasticity of morphological paradigmsPublication . Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares; Rodrigues, Pedro JoãoThe aim of this work is to explain, in a paradigmatic framework, the occurrence of event nouns with the suffix - ação having an intensive/iterative meaning in Brazilian Portuguese, which does not occur in European Portuguese (e.g., viajação ‘intensive and iterated travel’, passeação ‘intensive and iterated walk’). The paradigmatic approach to word formation has been recently reinforced against rule conceptions. Studies such as Štekauer 2014; Antoniová and Štekauer 2015; Blevins et al. 2019; Blevins 2016; Booij 2007; Baeskow 2015; Ortner and Ortner 2015; Spencer 2013; Fradin 2018 have emphasised the domain of word formation as a mental network of paradigms, against the vision that only inflection operates paradigmatically. The aim of this study is to bring experimental and empirical evidence to the plasticity of word-formation paradigms. Paradigms are conceived of as dynamic patterns mentally organised in networks. The relationships between items that build a paradigm may be of different types, as highlighted by Pounder (2000), Štekauer (2014) or Van Marle (1985). Following Rodrigues and Rodrigues (2018), we call the axis of the paradigm the feature that is responsible for the cohesion of the paradigm, i.e., for the relationship between the items belonging to the paradigm. We will focus on paradigms organised around different axes. The axis of one of the paradigms is the relationship between the syntactic and the semantic categories (which Bonami & Strnadová 2019 call content) of the involved members of the pairs of the paradigm, specifically event/result/state noun1 verbs (Table 1). We call this kind of paradigm a categorial macro-paradigm (built upon a macro-pattern). Micro-paradigms result from specialisations (Lindsay & Aronoff 2013, Aronoff & Lindsay 2014, 2015, Aronoff 2016, Rodrigues in press) and selectional restrictions inside the categorial macro-paradigm.
- Variação semântica nas nominalizações em -ção no português do Brasil e europeuPublication . Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares; Rodrigues, Pedro JoãoO presente trabalho tem como suporte teórico a perspetiva paradigmática aplicada à morfologia derivacional (Hathout & Namer, 2018). Este estudo centra-se numa análise psicolinguística de deverbais que apresentam os sufixos -ção, -mento e -ão. Os derivados dos dois primeiros sufixos não disponibilizam um semantismo de [intensidade/iteratividade], enquanto que o último sufixo provê os seus produtos deste semantismo (contemplação, aluimento vs. empurrão, abusão) No entanto, dados coligidos a partir de corpora e de recolhas no Google mostram que o sufixo -ção, no português do Brasil, mas não no português europeu, está a desenvolver um semantismo de [intensidade/iteratividade] (e.g. viajação, passeação) (Rocha, 1999). O presente trabalho procede a uma abordagem experimental, de carácter psicolinguístico, baseada em tarefas de decisão semântica, levada a cabo com falantes nativos de português do Brasil e de português europeu. Os resultados do experimento revelam que apenas os falantes de português do Brasil identificam o semantismo de [intensidade/iteratividade] nos deverbais em apreço e que os falantes europeus não o fazem, mesmo quando os deverbais se encontram inseridos em co-textos que favorecem a interpretação desse semantismo. Para além de os resultados da abordagem experimental corroborarem a variação em curso entre a morfologia derivacional no PE e no PB, o estudo permite compreender que, comparando as duas variedades da língua, o sufixo -ção se encontra em fase de construção de um novo paradigma intercruzado (Rodrigues & Rodrigues, 2018) no português do Brasil, mas não no português europeu. Estes novos dados apresentam implicações teóricas para a abordagem paradigmática na morfologia derivacional; a saber: os paradigmas derivacionais dispõem de intra- e interplasticidade, mostrando, assim, mais uma vantagem explicativa em relação às regras derivacionais, que não permitem essa plasticidade.
- Cross-paradigms or word formation patterns in interface: evidence from PortuguesePublication . Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares; Rodrigues, Pedro JoãoOur aim is to demonstrate with Portuguese word-formation data collected from corpora (Linguateca, Corpus de Referência do Português Contemporâneo and Corpus do Português) and based on experiments with Portuguese native speakers that derivational paradigms are mental patterns dynamically organized around more than one axis in what we call cross-paradigms. Cross-paradigms are structured by affixes which may put different base-organized paradigms into interface. This hypothesis is supported by recent psycholinguistic approaches to the mental lexicon such as Libben (2014) (cf. Libben’s concepts on morphological transcendence and morphological superstates), according to whom the mental lexicon is not as an «inert knowledge store, [but] as a dynamic cognitive system that allows for lexical activity.» (Libben 2014: 209). Our hypothesis is also founded on linguistic works such as Corbin (1987), which, as demonstrated by Booij (2007), presents a paradigmatic perspective on word-formation, and on Blevins (2016). Following Štekauer (2014: 359), we consider derivational paradigms as «based on formal realization of a cognitive category by an affixation process.». According to Pounder (2000), different materials can organize each paradigm. It is not just a specific morpheme that functions as the axis of a certain paradigm. The axis may correspond also to the word-class, to semantic rules, and to other features labelled under ‘lexical paradigm’ by Pounder. Our work sticks to two main different paradigm relationships: the lexeme-base-class-organized paradigm and the affix-organized one. Giving examples from Portuguese, a lexeme-base-class organized paradigm is illustrated by deverbal nouns with different suffixes such as avaliação ‘evaluation’, matança ‘slaughter’, congelamento ‘freezing’, aterragem ‘landing’ and soldadura ‘soldering’. The axis of this paradigm corresponds to the base lexeme the nouns correlate with, which is a verb (avaliar ‘to evaluate’, matar ‘to kill’, congelar ‘to freeze’, aterrar ‘to land’, soldar ‘to solder’). An affix-organized paradigm is illustrated by nouns such as medievalismo ‘medievalism’, espiritualismo ‘spiritualism’, luteranismo ‘Lutheranism’, newtonianismo ‘Newtonianism’ and figurativismo ‘figurativism’. The axis of this paradigm is the suffix -ism(o). Models that propose separated paradigms like those collide with empirical data. In Table 1, we show three suffixes (-ism(o), -eir(a) and -agem) that work with different lexeme-base classes. We may exemplify this assumption by means of the suffix -ism(o). This suffix may form nouns correlated with lexeme classes other than adjectives: correlated with verbs (bisbilhotar ‘to gossip’bisbilhotismo ‘habit of gossiping’) and correlated with nouns (sigilo ‘stealth’sigilismo ‘secretiveness’). The fact that nouns with the suffix -ismo correlate with verbs, nouns and adjectives creates an interface between the three lexeme-base-class paradigms.
- Modelling word-formation paradigms: networks visually representing their multidimensionality, complexity and theoretical infinitenessPublication . Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares; Rodrigues, Pedro JoãoOur work focuses on modelling word-formation paradigms. We propose that networks (Newman 2010) provide the means to model and visually represent word-formation paradigms. Networks enable us to represent paradigms at both the large scale and the small scale, bringing visual and conceptual evidence to the multidimensional relationships that shape paradigms (Štekauer (2014) and to the dynamics of the mental lexicon The relationships between the items of a paradigm can be founded on different features (Pounder 2000, van Marle 1985, Štekauer 2014), such as word class, semantic rules or formal features (Pounder labelled these features lexical paradigms). Štekauer (2014: 359) refers to semantic structures (AGENT, INSTRUMENT, ACTION) and to the formal realisation of these categories (suffixation in -ation, -ment, etc.). The feature that is responsible for cohesion among items of the paradigm is called the axis of the paradigm by Rodrigues & Rodrigues (2018). Bonami & Strnadová (2019: 170) use the term paradigmatic system to refer to relationships between pairs based on content (which includes syntactic and semantic categories). The term series is reserved for the relationships between pairs based on the share of a derivational affix (Hathout 2009). Bearing these aspects in mind, we consider that a network model serves as the basis to describe and visualise the multiple and complex relationships built within and by derivational paradigms.