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- VO2 kinetics and tethered strength influence the 200-m front crawl stroke kinematics and speed in young male swimmersPublication . Sokołowski, Kamil; Bartolomeu, Raúl Filipe; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Strzała, MarekThe aim of this research was to examine the relationship between the fast component of oxygen consumption developed in 1-min V_O2 and force indices both measured in tethered swimming test and to assess the influence of the gathered indices on speed and swimming kinematics in 200-m front crawl race. Methods: Forty-eight male swimmers (aged 13.5 ± 0.9 years old) participated in this study. Testing included 1) 1-min all-out front crawl tethered swimming while oxygen consumption (breath by breath) and tethered forces were measured, 2) 200-m front crawl race-like swimming featuring kinematic analysis, and 3) biological age (BA) examination. Results: During the 1-min all-out tethered swimming test, a linear increase in oxygen consumption was observed. There were moderate to high partial correlations between particular periods of seconds in the 1-min V_O2: 31–60, 41–60, and 51–60 and Fmax, Fave, and Iave of tethered swimming, while 41–60 and 51–60 V_O2 were moderately to highly interrelated with all the swimming speed indices and SI. The swimming speed indices significantly interplayed with SL, SI, Fmax, Fave, and Iave. Partial correlations were computed with BA control. Conclusion: The ability of reaching a high level of V_O2 fast is essential for a swimmer’s energy production at short- and middle-distance events. Reaching a high level of V_O2 significantly determines tethered strength and swimming kinematics. The level of V_O2 influences the maintenance of a proper pulling force and the stroke technique of front crawl swimming in young male swimmers.
- The aging influence on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and energy expenditure adaptations in head-out aquatic exercises: differences between young and elderly womenPublication . Bartolomeu, Raúl Filipe; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Morais, J.E.; Lopes, Vitor P.; Bragada, José A.; Costa, M.J.The purpose of this study was to (1) to establish the relationship between acute physiological responses and musical cadence; and (2) compare physiologic responses between young and older women. Eighteen older (mean = 65.06 ± 5.77 years) and 19 young (mean = 22.16 ± 2.63 years) women underwent an intermittent and progressive protocol performing the head-out aquatic exercise "rocking horse. Results showed that older women demonstrated lower mean heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (bLa) and oxygen uptake (VO2) at rest. Hierarchical linear modelling showed that variations in the rating of perceived effort (RPE) and individual metabolic equivalent of task (MET) did not differ significantly by age group. However, during exercise, physiological responses of younger women were significantly different than for older women: in mean values, for each increased musical beat per minute (b/min), mean bLa was 0.003 mmol/l, VO2 0.024 ml/kg/min, and energy expenditure (EE) 0.0001 kcal/kg/min higher for younger women. This study shows that increases in musical cadence increased the cardiorespiratory, metabolic and energy expenditure responses. However, these responses during increasing intensity seemed to differ between young and older women, with lower values for the elderly group, when performing head-out aquatic exercises.