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- Contributions of cognitive grammar to the history of the concept of meaningPublication . Assunção, Carlos; Araújo, Carla Sofia; Ribeiro, FábioThis text intends to systematize the studies in the history of the concepts of meaning in order to understand the evolution of this linguistic topic, over the last decades, within the framework of cognitive linguistics. The meaning of words, sentences and texts is the object of study of semantics, a discipline of linguistics that focuses on the meaning of linguistic expressions, as well as on the relations of meaning that these expressions celebrate among each other and with the world. The semantic properties of natural languages can be studied at all linguistic levels. As a consequence of the growing awareness of the pragmatic dimension of language and of the dissolution of traditional oppositions among syntax, semantics and lexicon in linguistics, we realize that, in the second half of the twentieth century, there was a theoretical and methodological renewal and the creation of new disciplinary areas. In the 1980s, a link was established among linguistics, computer science and cognitive psychology. In this text, we highlight the contribution of all these areas to the concept of “meaning”, especially that of cognitive grammar, which identifies and represents the conceptual structures that are conventionalized in grammatical constructions, transferring our conceptual perception of the world to meaning.
- Para uma história da Semântica Lexical: o olhar de GeeraertsPublication . Assunção, Carlos; Araújo, Carla SofiaAs a discipline of linguistics that deals with the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions and the relationships of meanings that these expressions celebrate amongst each other and with the world, in recent decades Semantics has received profound reflections that have contributed greatly to its advancement as a linguistic science, especially of the field of Lexical Semantics, which is the scope of this work. With reference to Geeraerts' (2010) perspective, we will seek to undertake a brief diachronic route, highlighting references to different perspectives of Lexical Semantics while focusing on a cognitive perspective, from the 1970s until the end of the first decade of the 21st century.
- Lexicologia: mutações teórico-metodológicas no séc. XXPublication . Araújo, Carla Sofia; Assunção, CarlosLexicology, as the science of the lexicon of a language, is a recent discipline, having resulted, however, from a long tradition initiated by the thought of the philosophers of ancient Greece, who reflected on the origin of language and on the dialectic between thought and language and on how languages represent the world, but that was only formatted and validated as science in the second half of the twentieth century. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the main theoretical-methodological mutations of lexicology in the last half century, which led to its assertion as a science, and to describe some lexical onthologies that led to the development of databases for many languages in the world.
- Variações conceptuais sobre o léxico na segunda metade do séc. XXPublication . Assunção, Carlos; Araújo, Carla SofiaThis paper aims to highlight the conceptual diversity around the concept of lexicon as regarded by several authors while analyzing the changes that were operated in the language sciences in order to allow for the lexical domain to acquire primordial importance. Arising from research in the various disciplines of contemporary linguistics, the collection of several lexical items and its relationship with grammar is proposed. A description of the lexicon as a domain of interface will be undertaken in the following, showing that the description of the lexical universe requires the knowledge of other disciplines. The methodology that will be followed is indicated for the review of literature produced either in foreign languages or in Portuguese.
- A lexicometric analysis of the poems from O Guardador de RebanhosPublication . Assunção, Carlos; Araújo, Carla SofiaThis study is guided by a methodology that fits into a research model related to corpus linguistics and it primarily aims at developing a lexicometric analysis of the poems from O guardador de rebanhos, by Alberto Caeiro (Pessoa, 2007), using a computational resource of lexical analysis, the NooJ software (Silberztein, 2015). Based on the linguistic data provided by NooJ, we begin by presenting the general features that characterise the poems from O guardador de rebanhos, then we analyse the list of theme words, departing from the list of tokens in descending order of frequency. In the last part, we present thematic fields, drawn from the theme words of the corresponding poems. The lexicometric analysis of the poems from The keeper of flocks, by Alberto Caeiro (Pessoa, 2007), may be seen as an opportunity for didactic operationalisation in secondary education, revealing NooJ as a potential didactic resource and providing evidence of the indisputable contribution of corpus linguistics to teaching.
- From the concepts of meaning and reference to the concept of prototypicalityPublication . Assunção, Carlos; Araújo, Carla Sofia; Fernandes, GonçaloMeaning is a uniquely human phenomenon. In linguistics, this subject matter is especially complex, considering the multiplicity of theoretical approaches and the variety of disci plinary fields that address the issue. A similar concern applies to the concept of reference, because, although most linguists today agree that meaning and reference form two differ ent realities, the discussion about the relation between these two terms has not yet been fully examined. Cognitive Linguistics has made a great contribution to this discussion by recognizing that we cannot present the postulate of the existence of a level of meaning that belongs only to language and is distinct from the level at which the meaning of linguistic forms is associated with the knowledge of the world. The objective of this work is to show that, with Cognitive Linguistics, the ideas of meaning and reference are re-equated and have gained strength in the scope of linguistic studies reinforced by the concept of prototype. For such purpose this text describes the way these concepts have evolved based on their theorisation, paying particular attention to cognitive seman tics, but not intending to make an exhaustive theoretical-methodological analysis of them.
- Entries on the history of corpus linguisticsPublication . Assunção, Carlos; Araújo, Carla SofiaA Linguística de Corpus ancora-se num paradigma teórico que se caracteriza por uma abordagem empirista e por uma conceção da linguagem como um sistema probabilístico. Em Linguística, o empirismo é uma abordagem que concede estatuto primordial aos dados que provêm da observação da linguagem, geralmente agrupados sob forma de corpus, opondo-se ao racionalismo. O racionalismo baseia-se no estudo da linguagem a partir da introspeção, entendida como maneira de averiguar modelos de funcionamento estrutural e a formação do processo cognitivo da linguagem. Por conseguinte, verifica-se um antagonismo entre as posturas filosóficas características da concepção empirista e racionalista da linguagem, representadas pelos seus maiores vultos. Por um lado, Halliday, representante da concepção empirista, e, por outro lado, Chomsky, o maior vulto do racionalismo na Linguística. Há, no entanto, novas abordagens que devem ser consideradas. De todas estas concepções constituiu-se o maior número de trabalhos da linguística de corpus, nas áreas da lexicografia e terminologia – produção de dicionários, glossários, bases de dados terminológicas, etc.
- Linguística de corpus: teoria, perspetivas metodológicas e ensino das línguasPublication . Assunção, Carlos; Araújo, Carla SofiaA palavra ‛corpus’ reveste-se de ambiguidade, uma vez que diz respeito, por um lado, a um conjunto de dados e, por outro, a um conjunto de métodos. Em relação ao sentido de conjunto de dados, verifica-se que todos os linguistas são potenciais utilizadores de corpora, já que a Linguística é uma disciplina empírica. Os métodos sobre corpora, construídos a partir de simples concordâncias, são especialmente estatísticos e/ou probabilísticos. O contexto contemporâneo de ensino-aprendizagem das línguas impõe o desenvolvimento e a disponibilização de recursos didáticos, como as bases de dados que sirvam de suporte às exigentes e rigorosas práticas pedagógicas da conjuntura educativa do século XXI. Simultaneamente, este recurso permite ainda ao professor obter as competências necessárias para fomentar junto dos alunos uma atitude crítica e reflexiva sobre a língua, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento da capacidade de observação e análise da língua num processo de descoberta do seu sistema de funcionamento.