Percorrer por autor "Pettenella, Davide"
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- Drivers of degradation and other threatsPublication . Doblas Miranda, Enrique; Attorre, Fabio; Azevedo, João; Belen, Ismail; Alcalde, Elsa Enríquez; Freitas, Helena; Garavaglia, Valentina; Hódar, José Antonio; Iritas, Özlem; Karaaslan, Yakup; Khater, Carla; Koutsias, Nikos; Lahlou, Mehdi; Malkinson, Dan; Mansour, Sophie; Pettenella, Davide; Picard, Nicolas; Pino, Joan; Vieira, Joana; Vitale, MarcelloForests in the Mediterranean region have been subject to environmental changes since time immemorial. The region’s geography and location has made it a conducive environment between biomes, resulting in significant biodiversity. Since the beginning of human history, forests have adapted to pressures caused by human development, resulting in a complex socio-ecological balance. These pressures, however,have never been more extreme than they are today. Global change, understood as the wide range of global forces resulting from human activity, is affecting the entire Mediterranean basin (Doblas-Miranda et al., 2017). The threats caused by global change pose particular risks to the principal characteristics of Mediterranean forests and forested habitats described in previous chapters: 1. Mediterranean forests and shrublands are highly sensitive to global atmospheric changes due to their proximity to arid regions; 2. a long history of land-use change may result in more frequent and intense fires, water scarcity and land degradation and; 3. a singular biota is linked to a higher vulnerability to global change-induced extinction. Moreover, the wide range of socioeconomic conditions and government policies that characterize the Mediterranean basin affect the intensity and dynamics of these threats.This chapter outlines the different threats to Mediterranean forest landscapes, structured according to indirect and direct causes of degradation. The anthropogenic origin of current global changes directly affecting Mediterranean forests is considered the underlying cause of degradation. Although in many cases these human forces have a global impact (such as greenhouse gas emissions caused by climate change), this chapter will consider their effect on the Mediterranean region in particular. This chapter will also consider the consequences of direct and indirect threats and the combination of both.
- Review of policy instruments for climate-smart mountain forestryPublication . Dubova, Lenka; Slavikova, Lenka; Azevedo, João; Barstad, Johan; Gatto, Paola; Lesinski, Jerzy; Pettenella, Davide; Stokken, RoarImplementing the Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF) concept into practice requires interaction among key stakeholders, especially forest owners and managers, policymakers (or regulators in general), forest consultants, and forest users. But what could be the most effective policy instruments to achieve climate smartness in mountain forests? Which ones would be the most acceptable for forest owners? And for the local forest communities? Should they be designed and implemented with the use of participatory approaches or rather on a top-down basis? This chapter summarizes key policy instruments structured in three subsequent categories: commandand-control, voluntary market-based instruments, and community cooperation. It provides examples of their functioning in the forestry sector and discusses their suitability for the implementation of climate smart forestry. It appears that there are many policy instruments used with varying degrees of success such as forest concessions or voluntary certifcation schemes. A wide range of instruments are responding to direct regulation; this has been seen as insuffcient to deal with natural hazards and calamities.