Percorrer por autor "Ardohain, Elizandra"
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- Avaliação da composição química e bioativa de cultivares de Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) NymPublication . Ardohain, Elizandra; Barros, Lillian; Fernandes, Ângela; Moreira, Gláucia CristinaPetroselinum crispum Mill., Nym.é uma planta utilizada na culinária como aromática, uma vez que dá cor, aroma e sabor a uma grande variedade de pratos. No presente estudo o perfil nutricional (humidade, lípidos, proteínas, cinzas, glúcidos e valor energético), químico (ácidos gordos, tocoferóis, açúcares livres, ácidos orgânicos e compostos fenólicos) e bioativo (atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana) de folhas de salsa (folhas lisa, encaracoladas e nabo enraizado) de 25 cultivares, foi avaliado. Os teores de humidade foram elevados na cultivar de folhas lisas Rialto Bejo, 192±11 g/vaso, no que se refere aos parâmetros nutricionais foram observadas diferenças significativas nas cultivares, exceto para o teor de glúcidos. O ácido orgânico mais abundante foi o ácido málico (5,22-6,88 g/100 g ms), enquanto que o teor de açúcares livres totais não diferiu significativamente entre os tipos de cultivares testados. O α-tocoferol foi o principal tocoferol detetado, em quantidades que variaram entre 14,76-30,32 mg/100 g ms. Os ácidos gordos maioritários foram os ácidos α-linolénico e linoléico, seguidos do ácido palmítico, enquanto que o conteúdo do ácido linoléico diferiu significativamente entre os tipos de cultivares. Sete compostos fenólicos foram identificados em todas as cultivares, incluindo derivados de apigenina e kaempferol. A apigenina-O-pentósido-O-hexósido foi o composto maioritário no tipo de folhas lisas, encaracoladas e nabo enraizado (20, 22 e 13 mg/g de extrato, respetivamente) e responsável pela sua excelente atividade antioxidante, também investigada neste estudo. A atividade antimicrobiana também foi explorada e, os resultados revelaram boa bioatividade contra as estirpes específicas de bactérias e fungos testadas. Em conclusão, os resultados alcançados refletem a diversidade de cultivares de salsa que existem no germoplasma Grego e assim, é imperativo a sua valorização, com o intuito de fomentar a agrobiodiversidade na região mediterrânea, através da introdução de cultivares de folhas encaracoladas e nabo enraizado, juntamente com os genótipos de folhas lisas já estabelecidos. As folhas dos três tipos de P. crispum são uma boa fonte de compostos bioativos naturais que promovem e trazem benefícios para a saúde e por isso devem fazer parte de uma dieta equilibrada.
- Chemical characterization of Cistus ladanifer L. phenolic extract and its antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea.Publication . Marx, Ítala; Ardohain, Elizandra; Rodrigues, Paula; Afonso, Andreia; Pires, Tânia C.S.P.; Dias, Maria Inês; Barros, Lillian; Heleno, Sandrina A.Botrytis bunch rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is an important disease of grapevines in temperate climates worldwide. It can cause extensive economic losses through grape desiccation, rot, and biochemical changes that reduce wine quality. Therefore, it is crucial to identify new compounds, especially natural ones, that are active against B. cinerea. Biofungi cides from plant origin have been recommended to reduce viticulture’s dependence upon synthetic fungicides for the last decades [1]. Cistus (Cistus ladanifer L.) is a perennial shrub from the Cistaceae family that can be found in abundance in the Mediterranean's marginal fields [2]. Moreover, cistus phenolic extract has been described as a potential antifungal agent, due to its interesting phenolic composition, including ellagitannins and flavonoids [3]. In this sense, the present study evaluated the antifungal potential of a phenolic extract of C. ladanifer from Northeastern Portugal, against B. cinerea. Dry leaves from cistus were extracted by maceration using ethanol: water (80:20 v/v) as solvent. The phenolic extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS and evaluated for their capacity to inhibit B. cinerea using the microdilution method. Ellagic acid derivatives (24.3 mg/g extract; 83.8%), flavonoids (3.93 mg/g extract; 13.6%), such as flavonols and flavones; phenolic acids, and derivatives (0.76 mg/g extract; 2.6%), were found in the sample (Figure 1). The most abundant group was ellagic acid derivatives in which punicalagin and punicalagin gallate, were found in the highest amounts (13.3±0.9 and 11±2 mg/g extract, respectively), being these results in line with previous studies [3]. The extract revealed an interesting capacity to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, which could be related with the high composition in ellagitannins. Considering the bioactivity of cistus phenolic extract, this natural product could be applied as an alternative to synthetic fungicides used in the prevention and treatment of fungal infections in grapevine, minimizing the environmental and health impacts caused by these chemical agents.
- Exploring the antimicrobial potential of Castanea sativa Mill. flowers and Eucalyptus globulus L. leaves against grape pathogensPublication . Marx, Ítala; Ardohain, Elizandra; Rodrigues, Paula; Afonso, Andreia; Oliveira, Izamara; Pires, Tânia C.S.P.; Carocho, Márcio; Barros, Lillian; Heleno, Sandrina A.The bioactive potential of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) flowers and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus L.) leaves, which are residual resources of the industry processing in northern and central Portugal, has been recognized [1,2]. Thus, the use of these by-products as sources of bioactive compounds would not only add value to plant materials but also contribute to environmental sustainability [1,3]. In this sense, the present study aimed to investigate the bioactive potential of chestnut flowers and eucalyptus leaves for the extraction of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties. The phenolic composition of cv. Longal C. sativa male flowers and E. globulus leaves was extracted and characterized using HPLC-DAD/ESI- MS. The antimicrobial potential of these extracts against food contaminants, including grape pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, was evaluated using the microdilution method. Trigalloyl- HHDP-glucoside and digalloylglucose were identified as the major hydrolysable tannins in chestnut flowers and eucalyptus leaves, respectively. The phenolic distribution in plants extracts was 75% of hydrolysable tannins, and 25% of flavonoids for chestnut flowers, while for eucalyptus leaves, the phenolic profile was 74% of hydrolysable tannins, 15% of flavonoids, and in lower concentration, phenolic acids, corresponding to 11%. The extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms and inhibited the growth of B. cinerea at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Therefore, these by-products could serve as potential sources of antimicrobial compounds for use in the wine industry, providing a natural alternative to artificial antimicrobials and protecting grapes from B. cinerea infections. Finally, the use these extracts would not only add value to plant by-products but also contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing waste from the agro-industries.
- In vitro evaluation of plant extracts as antifungal agents against Botrytis cinerea.Publication . Marx, Ítala; Ardohain, Elizandra; Rodrigues, Paula; Barros, Lillian; Heleno, Sandrina A.Grapevine bunch rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea, causes important economic losses every year in grape production [1]. However, indiscriminate use of pesticides to control this disease leads to serious problems such as consumer intoxication and the emergence of populations of pathogens resistant to fungicides. In this sense, the development of new natural ingredients against B. cinerea is of paramount relevance. Plant extracts are a valuable source of a wide variety of biologically active chemical defense constituents. Several plant bioactive compounds have been identified as possible antifungal agents, also associated with their antioxidant properties [2]. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds (concentration of 10 mg/mL, each) on mycelial growth of B. cinerea in vitro. In this study, three formulations of plant extracts were evaluated (PreVine 1, PreVine 2 and PreVine 3). Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium was prepared with agar and enriched with the three formulations of plant extracts. Negative control (CTR -) was treated only with water, and the positive control (CTR +) was treated with the conventional fungi cide Teldor® (active substance fenhexamid), concentration of 0.075 mg/mL. The obtained results demonstrated that all plant extracts formulations revealed the capacity to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea. The inhibitory potential was greater for PreVine 1, being responsible for inhibiting the growth of B. cinerea by 64% at 9 days of incubation, when compared to the control samples. As regards to the growth rate, plant extracts were able to reduce this parameter from 1.8391 (CTR -) to 1.2051 cm/day (PreVine 1). The positive antifungal activity of the plant extracts assessed, especially for the PreVine 1, could be attributed to their varied bioactive composition, such as several classes of phenolic compounds (i.e., flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins). In fact, these plant extracts have been described as source of compounds with biological activity against grape pathogens, by promoting a disruption of fungal cell membranes, inhibiting fungal enzymes and/ or inducing oxidative stress in fungal cells [3,4]. Considering the potential antifungal properties of these plant extracts formulations, these natural formulations could be candidates for application grape and wine industries as biofungicides, acting against grape pathogens, such asB. cinerea, decreasing, or avoiding the use of chemical fungicides.
- Natural solutions for grape pathogen control: chemical analysis and bioactivity evaluation of plant extractsPublication . Ardohain, Elizandra; Marx, Ítala; Rodrigues, Paula; Afonso, Andreia; Oliveira, Izamara; Pires, Tânia C.S.P.; Barros, Lillian; Heleno, Sandrina A.Peels from orange (Citrus sinensis L.) are often considered processing waste. Citrus peels contain bioactive compounds such as organic acids that have important biological properties [1]. In addition, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) are widely used herbs that have been used for medicinal purposes and human consumption for centuries. The leaves of these herbs contain polyphenols, which are antioxidant and antifungal compounds such as flavonoids [2,3]. To explore the potential of these plants as natural antifungals, this study aimed to analyze the phenolic compounds in extracts of fennel and sage leaves using HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS, after a maceration process. The study also evaluated the organic acids present in orange peels using HPLC-DAD. Finally, the antimicrobial potential of the plant extracts against food contaminants, including grapevine pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, was tested using the microdilution method. This study found that the highest concentration of polyphenols in the leaves of sage and fennel were the flavonoids luteolin-7-O-glucuronide and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, respectively. Sage leaves extract contained 69% of flavonoids and 31% of phenolic acids, while fennel leaves extract was richer in phenolic acids, corresponding to 61%, and the flavonoids were found in lower concentrations, corresponding to 39% of total phenolic composition. The concentration of organic acids in orange peels was 8±0.1g/100g dw, with citric acid being the main compound found, corresponding to 75%, while ascorbic acid corresponding to 18% of total organic acids determined. In this study, oxalic and quinic acids were also found in orange peels extract. All plant extracts demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, indicating their potential as natural antifungals against this grapevine pathogen. Thus, these plant extracts have the potential to act as natural antimicrobials, showing promising results for disease control in grapevines. In this sense, the valorization of these plant extracts could generate significant economic benefits for the wine industry.
- Nutritional value and chemical composition of three types of Petroselinum crispum leavesPublication . Ardohain, Elizandra; Fernandes, Ângela; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Pinela, José; Moreira, Glaucia; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianPetroselinum crispum Mill. Nym., commonly known as parsley, is an aromatic herb used to garnish and to give flavour and odour to dishes and salads [1]. The most common parsley types in the Mediterranean region are Petroselinum crispum ssp. neapolitanum (plain-leafed) and Petroselinum crispum ssp. crispum (curly- and bioactive properties, such as the genotype, the irrigation regime, the planting density, the sowing date and the climate conditions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the crop diversification through the determination of the nutritional value and the chemical composition of leaves from twenty-five plain-leafed, curly-leafed and turnip-rooted parsley (Petroselinum crispum ssp. tuberosum) cultivars, cultivated in central Greece. The proximate composition was evaluated by AOAC official procedures, free sugars and tocopherols were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to a refraction index (HPLC-RI) and fluorescence (HPLC-FL) detectors, respectively. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and organic acids by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to a diode detector (UPLC-DAD) [1]. The plain and curly-leafed type contains higher amount of fat and energy than the turnip-rooted one, protein content was higher in the curly-leafed and turnip-rooted type and no significant differences were observed between the three types in terms of the carbohydrates content. The total sugars content did not differ significantly among the tested -- linolenic and linoleic acid followed by palmitic acid, while only linoleic acid content differed among the cultivar types. The curly-leafed type contains the highest amount of malic, citric and total organic acids, whereas the highest oxalic acid content was recorded in both curly-leafed and turnip-rooted type. The results of our study showed a great variability in the nutritional value parameters and the chemical composition of twenty-five parsley cultivars from three distinct types, which indicates the great potential of the valorization of the existing genotypes to increase the agrobiodiversity and introduce the turnip-rooted type in the Mediterranean region.
- Phytochemical composition and nutritional value of pot-grown turnip-rooted and plain and curly-leafed parsley cultivarsPublication . Fernandes, Ângela; Polyzos, Nikolaos; Petropoulos, Spyridon Α.; Pinela, José; Ardohain, Elizandra; Moreira, Glaucia; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R.; Barros, LillianIn the present study plant growth, nutritional value and chemical composition of leaves from twenty-five plain-leafed, curly-leafed and turnip-rooted parsley cultivars were evaluated. Total fresh yield was higher for the plain-leafed cv. Rialto Bejo: 192 ± 11 g/pot, while significant differences were observed between the three types in the nutritional parameters, except for the carbohydrates content. The most abundant organic acid was malic acid (5.22–6.88 g/100 g dw), while the total sugars content did not differ significantly among the tested cultivar types. α-tocopherol was the major tocopherol detected in amount that ranged between 14.76–30.32 mg/100 g dw. The main fatty acids were α-linolenic and linoleic followed by palmitic acid, while only linoleic acid content being different among the cultivar types. In conclusion, the existing diversity in the parsley genotypes could be valorised to increase the agrobiodiversity in the broader Mediterranean region through the introduction of less cultivated curly-leafed and turnip-rooted types.
- Plant extracts: A study on the chemical characterization and bioactive potential to inhibit grape pathogens.Publication . Ardohain, Elizandra; Marx, Ítala; Rodrigues, Paula; Afonso, Andreia; Oliveira, Izamara; Pires, Tânia; Barros, Lillian; Heleno, Sandrina A.Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) peels are usually discarded as wastes; however, they are rich sources of bioactive compounds, including organic acids with biological properties[1]. In addition, fennel (Foeniculum vulgareMill.)and salvia (Salvia officinalis L.)are widespreadherbs, traditionallyused for the medicinal purposes and human consumption. Their leaves have been described as potential sources of polyphenols, such as flavonoids with antioxidant and antifungal activities[2,3]. In this sense, the present study aimed to perform the phenolic characterization of fennel and salvia leaves extracts through HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS after a maceration process. Additionally, the extraction and further characterization of orange peels’in terms of organic acids was also evaluated through HPLC-DAD. The antimicrobial potential of these plant extracts against food contaminants, including grapevine pathogens, such asBotrytis cinerea, was evaluated using the microdilution method. The results obtained showed thatthepolyphenols with the highest concentration in leave’s extractswerethe flavonoids luteolin-7-O-glucuronide and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, for salvia and fennel, respectively. The total amount of phenolic compounds in salvia was266+1 g/mg of extract, while for fennel was30+0.7 mg/g of extract, comprising the sum of total flavonoids and phenolic acids. The concentration of determined organic acids in orange peels was 8+0.1g/100g dw, in which the main compound found was citric acid(6+0.1g/100g dw).In this study, allplant extracts have demonstratedthe ability to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Therefore, these plant extracts, due to their potential composition in bioactive agents, could be used as naturalantifungals, acting against B. cinerea. Natural antimicrobials, based on plant extracts, represent a promising alternative for disease control and could provide significant economic benefits for the wine industry.