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Bioethanol fireplaces as indoor pollution sources: The role of burner design and fuel type

2026Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Química
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Biotecnologia Ambiental
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg13:Ação Climática
dc.contributor.authorVicente, Estela D.
dc.contributor.authorCipoli, Yago
dc.contributor.authorCharres, Isabella
dc.contributor.authorNunes, Teresa
dc.contributor.authorCerqueira, Mário
dc.contributor.authorFeliciano, Manuel
dc.contributor.authorGalindo, Nuria
dc.contributor.authorYubero, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Célia
dc.contributor.authorRyšavý, Jiří
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-02T15:30:18Z
dc.date.available2026-06-02T15:30:18Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstractBioethanol fireplaces are marketed as clean and decorative heating alternatives. However, their impact on indoor air quality (IAQ) remains poorly characterised. This study investigates the indoor levels of gaseous and particulate pollutants using a bioethanol fireplace operated under realistic conditions. Two types of bioethanol fuels and two burner designs, a single-chambered (SC) and a double-chambered (DC), were tested under minimal ventilation. Concentrations of CO, NO, NO2, CO2, NH3, N2O, C2H6O, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and carbonyl compounds were measured, while particulate matter (PM10) was characterised chemically and toxicologically. Combustion of both fuels led to substantial increases in indoor pollutant concentrations compared to background levels. Indoors, maximum average CO levels reached 5.67 & micro;g m-3, NO 0.33 & micro;g m-3, NO2 0.85 & micro;g m-3 and TVOCs exceeded 1400 & micro;g m-3. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were the dominant carbonyls, with the latter frequently surpassing the WHO guideline value along with NO2. Compared with traditional wood combustion, bioethanol combustion produced relatively higher indoor concentrations of nitrogen oxides, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde. Average PM10 concentrations ranged from 31.5 to 173 & micro;g m-3, with higher indoor concentrations for the DC burner and Fuel 2. PM10 samples were enriched in bromine, ammonium and nitrate during combustion, and exhibited elevated oxidative potential. Differences in indoor pollutant levels and oxidative potential were observed depending on the burner design, fuel type and initial fuel load. These results demonstrate that flueless bioethanol fireplaces can markedly deteriorate IAQ, underscoring the need for performance standards, improved fuel formulations, and adequate ventilation to mitigate exposure risks associated with their use.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipEstela Vicente acknowledges the research contract under Scientific Employment Stimulus (DOI: 10.54499/2022.00399.CEECIND/CP1720/CT0012) from the FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P. FCT is also acknowledged for the PhD scholarships to Y. Cipoli (SFRH/BD/04992/2021) and I. Charres (DOI:10.54499/2022.12142.BD). This work was supported by national funds through FCT, under the project/grant UID/50006 + LA/P/0094/2020 (doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0094/2020), and through the project "Air Pollution in an African Megacity: Source Apportionment and Health Implications" (APAM, DOI: 10.54499/2022.04240.PTDC). Oxidative potential assays and the chemical characterisation of PM10 samples were partially funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR” (CAMBIO project, ref. TED2021–131336B-I00) and by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF/EU (TOXICAR project, ref. PID2023–149608OB-I00). This work was co-financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under the SIGMA DC2 Programme, project no. TQ03000511, “Innovative catalysts for household stationary heating units”. The European Union also financially supported this work under the REFRESH—Research Excellence for Region Sustainability and High-tech Industries project No. CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 via the Operational Programme Just Transition. European Union; MICIU (Spain Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities) /AEI (State Agency of Research); ERDF (European Regional Development Fund)/EU. The authors would like to thank the Technical Management Services of the University of Aveiro for providing the necessary conditions to conduct the combustion experiments. Special thanks are extended to Technical Engineer Johnny Reis, Head of the Quality, Environment, and Safety Division at the University of Aveiro, for ensuring the required safety measures and providing essential logistical support.
dc.identifier.citationVicente, Estela D.; Cipoli, Yago; Charres, Isabella; Nunes, Teresa; Cerqueira, Mário; Feliciano, Manuel; Galindo, Nuria; Yubero, Eduardo; Alves, Célia; Ryšavý, Jiří (2026). Bioethanol fireplaces as indoor pollution sources: The role of burner design and fuel type. Journal of Hazardous Materials. ISSN 0304-3894. 507, p. 1-16
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141770
dc.identifier.issn0304-3894
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/36828
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationHOPE: HousehOld Particulate mattEr: sources, chemical composition and toxicity.
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relationAir quality and its effects on the primary and preschool population: new assessment tools - 2022.12142.BD
dc.relationAir Pollution in an African Megacity: Source Apportionment and Health Implications
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Hazardous Materials
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectInorganic gases
dc.subjectVOCs
dc.subjectCarbonyl compounds
dc.subjectOxidative potential
dc.subjectPM-bound species
dc.titleBioethanol fireplaces as indoor pollution sources: The role of burner design and fuel typeeng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumber2022.00399.CEECIND/CP1720/CT0012
oaire.awardNumberLA/P/0094/2020
oaire.awardNumber2022.12142.BD
oaire.awardNumber2022.04240.PTDC
oaire.awardTitleHOPE: HousehOld Particulate mattEr: sources, chemical composition and toxicity.
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardTitleAir quality and its effects on the primary and preschool population: new assessment tools - 2022.12142.BD
oaire.awardTitleAir Pollution in an African Megacity: Source Apportionment and Health Implications
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND5ed/2022.00399.CEECIND%2FCP1720%2FCT0012/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0094%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIhttps://sciproj.ptcris.pt/88864DFA/
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/Concurso de Projetos de I&D em Todos os Domínios Científicos - 2022/2022.04240.PTDC/PT
oaire.citation.endPage16
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Hazardous Materials
oaire.citation.volume507
oaire.fundingStreamCEEC IND5ed
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStreamConcurso de Projetos de I&D em Todos os Domínios Científicos - 2022
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameFeliciano
person.givenNameManuel
person.identifier.ciencia-id2D11-7230-702B
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-3147-4511
person.identifier.scopus-author-id6603358480
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
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project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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