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Natural sporopollenin microcarriers: Morphological insights into their functional performance for drug encapsulation and release

2025Journal article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Agrárias::Agricultura, Silvicultura e Pescas
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg15:Proteger a Vida Terrestre
dc.contributor.authorAylanc, Volkan
dc.contributor.authorPeixoto, Andreia F.
dc.contributor.authorAkyuz, Lalehan
dc.contributor.authorVale, Nuno
dc.contributor.authorFreire, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorVilas-Boas, Miguel
dc.date.accessioned2025-06-02T10:45:29Z
dc.date.available2025-06-02T10:45:29Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractNatural sporopollenin microcapsules (SMCs) derived from pollen offer versatility and efficiency for different applications, from environmental remediation to food and therapeutics delivery. A critical gap remains in understanding the relationship between SMCs morphologies and their effectiveness in drug loading and delivery. Herein, we encapsulated 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a model anticancer drug, into SMCs derived from seven bee monofloral pollens, each exhibiting distinct morphological features, and examined how their loading and release performance correlated with their morphology. Microscopic and particle size analyses revealed that the chemically purified SMCs were hollow, with sizes ranging from 11.0 to 35.6 μm, without significant size changes after drug loading. Encapsulation efficiency achieved through vacuum-assisted loading (18–28 %) generally surpassed that of passive and compression loading techniques. Moreover, there was a trend of increasing encapsulation efficiency with larger SMC sizes, albeit with some exceptions. In a sequential release environment simulating the in vitro gastrointestinal tract and colonic fermentation, smaller SMCs exhibited a faster release profile, whereas larger ones demonstrated a slower sustained release. The quantity and shape of apertures on SMCs walls significantly impacted their drug-loading capacity and release characteristics. Additionally, natural SMCs remained structurally intact even in the presence of digestive enzymes, varying pH levels, and colonic bacteria, indicating minimal degradation under these conditions. Overall, the findings highlight the significant influence of SMCs morphologies on their functional performance and provide a list of SMCs-based microstructures to guide drug release applications.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020), SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021) and projects: UIDB/50006/2020, UIDB/04033/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020. Thanks to national funding, FCT for the CEEC contract (2020.01614.CEECIND/CP1596/CT0007) for Andreia F. Peixoto and the Ph.D. research grant for Volkan Aylanc (2021.07764.BD). Thanks to the NextGenerationEU recovery funds through the scope of Project BeeLand 10/C05-i03/2021.PPRR-C05-i03-I-000081.
dc.identifier.citationAylanc, Volkan; Peixoto, Andreia F.; Akyuz, Lalehan; Vale, Nuno; Freire, Cristina; Vilas-Boas, Miguel. (2025). Natural sporopollenin microcarriers: Morphological insights into their functional performance for drug encapsulation and release.International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. ISSN 0141-8130. 314, p. 1-15
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144384
dc.identifier.issn0141-8130
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/34532
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationMountain Research Center
dc.relationMountain Research Center
dc.relationAssociated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes
dc.relationCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences
dc.relationBio-based amines from renewable resources through catalytic sustainable processes (BIO2BIA)
dc.relation2021.07764.BD
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Biological Macromolecules
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectBee pollen pellet
dc.subjectGreen carriers
dc.subjectSustained drug loading/release
dc.titleNatural sporopollenin microcarriers: Morphological insights into their functional performance for drug encapsulation and releaseeng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleMountain Research Center
oaire.awardTitleMountain Research Center
oaire.awardTitleAssociated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes
oaire.awardTitleCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences
oaire.awardTitleBio-based amines from renewable resources through catalytic sustainable processes (BIO2BIA)
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F00690%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F00690%2F2020/PT
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oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F04033%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND 3ed/2020.01614.CEECIND%2FCP1596%2FCT0007/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/POR_NORTE/2021.07764.BD/PT
oaire.citation.endPage15
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleInternational Journal of Biological Macromolecules
oaire.citation.volume314
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStreamCEEC IND 3ed
oaire.fundingStreamPOR_NORTE
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameAylanc
person.familyNameVilas-Boas
person.givenNameVolkan
person.givenNameMiguel
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person.identifier.ridI-5949-2013
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