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Progress in Nanofluid Technology: From Conventional to Green Nanofluids for Biomedical, Heat Transfer, and Machining Applications

2025Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Ciências Químicas
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Mecânica
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Nanotecnologia
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Outras Engenharias e Tecnologias
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg09:Indústria, Inovação e Infraestruturas
dc.contributor.authorCardoso, Beatriz D.
dc.contributor.authorSouza, Andrews
dc.contributor.authorNobrega, Glauco
dc.contributor.authorAfonso, Inês Santos
dc.contributor.authorNeves, Lucas B.
dc.contributor.authorFaria, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorRibeiro, J.E.
dc.contributor.authorLima, Rui A.
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-14T18:50:04Z
dc.date.available2025-11-14T18:50:04Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractNanofluids (NFs), consisting of nanoparticles (NPs) suspended in base fluids, have attracted growing interest due to their superior physicochemical properties and multifunctional potential. In this review, conventional and green NF technology aspects, including synthesis routes, formulation, and applications, are discussed. Conventional NFs, involving NPs synthesized using physical and chemical approaches, have improved NP morphology control but are likely to cause environmental and safety concerns. In contrast, green NFs that are plant extract, microorganism, and biogenic waste-based represent a sustainable and biocompatible alternative. The effect of key parameters (e.g., NP size, shape, concentration, dispersion stability, and base fluid properties) on the performance of NFs is critically examined. The review also covers potential applications: in biomedical engineering (e.g., drug delivery, imaging, theranostics, and antimicrobial therapies), in heat transfer (e.g., solar collectors, cooling electronics, nuclear reactors), and precision machining (e.g., lubricants and coolants). Comparative insights regarding green versus conventionally prepared NFs are provided concerning their toxicity, environmental impact, scalability, and functional performance across various applications. Overall, this review highlights the new promise of both green and conventional NFs and provides key opportunities and challenges to guide future developments in this field.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors acknowledge the partial financial support of the project 2022.06207.PTDC (https://doi.org/10.54499/2022.06207.PTDC) through national funds (OE), through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), and the project COMPETE2030-FEDER-00771500 funded by FEDER and FCT. Glauco Nobrega was supported by the doctoral grant PRT/BD/153088/2021 (https://doi.org/10.54499/PRT/BD/153088/2021), financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), and with funds from MCTES/República Portuguesa, under the MIT Portugal Program. Inês S. Afonso was supported by the doctoral grant 2024.05919.BDANA, financed by FCT. Andrews Souza was supported by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P. by project reference 2021.07961.BD and DOI identifier https://doi.org/10.54499/2021.07961.BD. The authors also acknowledge the partial financial support within the R&D Units Project Scope UID/04077: Mechanical Engineering Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs/UM), UIDB/04436/2020, UIDP/04436/2020, UIDB/00690/2020 (CIMO), UIDB/00532/2020, UIDB/04650/2020, and LA/P/0045/2020 (ALiCE).
dc.identifier.citationCardoso, Beatriz D.; Souza, Andrews; Nobrega, Glauco; Afonso, Inês Santos; Neves, Lucas Boniatti; Faria, Carlos; Ribeiro, J.E.; Lima, Rui A. (2025). Progress in Nanofluid Technology: From Conventional to Green Nanofluids for Biomedical, Heat Transfer, and Machining Applications. Nanomaterials. ISSN 2079-4991. 15:16, p. 1-48
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/nano15161242
dc.identifier.issn2079-4991
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/35082
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationMicroelectromechanical Systems Research Unit
dc.relationMicroelectromechanical Systems Research Unit
dc.relationMountain Research Center
dc.relationMountain Research Center
dc.relationPhysics Center of Minho and Porto Universities
dc.relationALICE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering
dc.relation.ispartofNanomaterials
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectNanofluids
dc.subjectHeat transfer
dc.subjectNanoparticles
dc.subjectThermal conductivity
dc.subjectGreen synthesis
dc.subjectApplications
dc.titleProgress in Nanofluid Technology: From Conventional to Green Nanofluids for Biomedical, Heat Transfer, and Machining Applicationseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleMicroelectromechanical Systems Research Unit
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oaire.awardTitlePhysics Center of Minho and Porto Universities
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oaire.citation.endPage48
oaire.citation.issue16
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oaire.citation.titleNanomaterials
oaire.citation.volume15
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