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Towards Botanical Authentication of Ginkgo Food Supplements: A Holistic Approach Based on Phytochemical and Genomic Markers

2025Journal article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Ciências Biológicas
datacite.subject.fosCiências Agrárias::Biotecnologia Agrária e Alimentar
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorGrazina, Liliana
dc.contributor.authorPaíga, Paula
dc.contributor.authorAmaral, Joana S.
dc.contributor.authorCosta, Joana
dc.contributor.authorMoreira, Manuela M.
dc.contributor.authorDelerue-Matos, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorMafra, Isabel
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-06T09:09:00Z
dc.date.available2025-11-06T09:09:00Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractGinkgo biloba is one of the most consumed medicinal plants and broadly included as an ingredient in plant food supplements (PFS) and herbal infusions, being potential targets for economically motivated adulteration. This work aimed at comparing the use of DNA and phytochemical markers to authenticate the botanical origin of ginkgo-leaf extracts and PFS. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect ginkgo DNA, while ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS) determined its main phytochemicals (terpene lactones and flavonol aglycones). DNA was detected in all ginkgo leaf extracts, mainly water, while the highest levels of phytochemicals were obtained using ethanol or acetone as solvents. The results suggested that 4 out of a total of 19 PFS samples were adulterated, with two samples evidencing the addition of quercetin from sources other than ginkgo. The other two samples showed low amounts of ginkgo phytochemicals, which was corroborated by low DNA content, suggesting the use of reduced amounts of G. biloba leaf material.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work received financial support from the PT national funds (FCT/MCTES, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through the projects “POIROT: novel methods and approaches for detecting the illegal addition of Pharmaceutical drugs and bOtanIcal adulteRatiOn in planT food supplements” (PTDC/SAU-PUB/3803/2021 DOI 10.54499/PTDC/SAU PUB/3803/2021), UID/50006-Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde Tecnologias e Processos Limpos (UIDB/50006/2020 DOI 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2020), CIMO UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020). M. M. Moreira, J. Costa and I. Mafra thank FCT for funding through the Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus (2023.05993.CEECIND/CP2842/CT0009 DOI 10.54499/2023.05993.CEECIND/CP2842/CT0009, 2021.03583.CEECIND/CP1662/CT0012 DOI 10.54499/2021.03583.CEECIND/CP1662/CT0012 and 2021.03670.CEECIND/CP1662/CT0011 DOI 10.54499/2021.03670.CEECIND/CP1662/CT0011, respectively). L. Grazina is grateful to FCT grants (SFRH/BD/132462/2017 and COVID/BD/152444/2022) financed by POPH-QREN (subsidized by FSE and MCTES).
dc.identifier.citationGrazina, Liliana; Paíga, Paula; Amaral, Joana S.; Costa, Joana; Moreira, Manuela M.; Delerue-Matos, Cristina; Mafra, Isabel (2025). Towards Botanical Authentication of Ginkgo Food Supplements: A Holistic Approach Based on Phytochemical and Genomic Markers. 14:17, p. 1-21
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/foods14173111
dc.identifier.issn2304-8158
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/34970
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationnovel methods and approaches for detecting the illegal addition of Pharmaceutical drugs and bOtanIcal adulteRatiOn in planT food supplements
dc.relationAssociated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes
dc.relationMountain Research Center
dc.relationAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions
dc.relationSafety of Plant Food Supplements: advanced genomic and chemical approaches to assess botanical origin, illegal drugs and contaminants
dc.relation.ispartofFoods
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectGinkgo biloba
dc.subjectPlant food supplements
dc.subjectLeaf extracts
dc.subjectReal-time PCR
dc.subjectLC-MS
dc.subjectAuthenticity
dc.titleTowards Botanical Authentication of Ginkgo Food Supplements: A Holistic Approach Based on Phytochemical and Genomic Markerseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitlenovel methods and approaches for detecting the illegal addition of Pharmaceutical drugs and bOtanIcal adulteRatiOn in planT food supplements
oaire.awardTitleAssociated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes
oaire.awardTitleMountain Research Center
oaire.awardTitleAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions
oaire.awardTitleSafety of Plant Food Supplements: advanced genomic and chemical approaches to assess botanical origin, illegal drugs and contaminants
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/Concurso de Projetos IC&DT em Todos os Domínios Científicos/PTDC%2FSAU-PUB%2F3803%2F2021/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F50006%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F00690%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0007%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT//SFRH%2FBD%2F132462%2F2017/PT
oaire.citation.issue17
oaire.citation.titleFoods
oaire.citation.volume14
oaire.fundingStreamConcurso de Projetos IC&DT em Todos os Domínios Científicos
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameAmaral
person.givenNameJoana S.
person.identifier.ciencia-id5319-7DE8-BEDA
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-3648-7303
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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