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From Apple Waste to Antimicrobial Solutions: A Review of Phenolics from PGI ‘Maçã de Alcobaça’ and Related Cultivars

2025Journal article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Agrárias::Biotecnologia Agrária e Alimentar
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
dc.contributor.authorRibeiro, Jessica
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Vanessa
dc.contributor.authorDapkevicius, Maria de Lurdes N. E.
dc.contributor.authorIgrejas, Gilberto
dc.contributor.authorBarros, Lillian
dc.contributor.authorHeleno, Sandrina A.
dc.contributor.authorReis, Filipa S.
dc.contributor.authorPoeta, Patrícia
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-04T18:48:00Z
dc.date.available2025-11-04T18:48:00Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractApple by-products represent a valuable source of phenolic compounds with significant antimicrobial potential, aligning with sustainable strategies for waste valorisation within the circular bioeconomy. This review focuses on the phenolic profile and antimicrobial relevance of ‘Maçã de Alcobaça,’ a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) apple variety from Portugal. The main phenolics identified include phloridzin, phloretin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin glycosides, catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidins, which exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action, namely membrane disruption, enzyme inhibition, oxidative stress induction, and quorum sensing interference, are discussed. Different extraction methods and solvents influence phenolic yield and bioactivity, with ethyl acetate and hydromethanolic extracts generally showing stronger effects. Studies reveal the potential of phenolics to interact synergistically with antibiotics and the promising applications in food preservation, medical formulations, and antimicrobial packaging. Overall, apple-derived phenolics, particularly those derived from industrial by-products, have significant potential as natural antimicrobial agents. Further exploration of these phenolics in the context of One Health and antimicrobial resistance mitigation is recommended.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of projects UI/00772 and LA/P/0059/2020. It also received national financial support through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC), specifically via CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020) and the SusTEC Associated Laboratory (LA/P/0007/2020). Jessica Ribeiro acknowledges the financial support provided by FCT through her PhD grant (2023.00592.BD). The authors acknowledge the national funding provided by FCT through the following contracts: the institutional scientific employment program contract with S. A. Heleno, as well as the individual scientific employment program contract with F.S. Reis (2021.03728.CEECIND).
dc.identifier.citationRibeiro, J.; Silva, V.; Dapkevicius, M.d.L.N.E.; Igrejas, G.; Barros, L.; Heleno, S.A.; Reis, F.S.; Poeta, P. (2025) From Apple Waste to Antimicrobial Solutions: A Review of Phenolics from PGI ‘Maçã de Alcobaça’ and Related Cultivars. Molecules. ISSN 1420-3049. 30:18, p. 1-20
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/molecules30183679
dc.identifier.issn1420-3049
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/34949
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationAssociate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences
dc.relationMountain Research Center
dc.relationAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions
dc.relationCYPonins: Cypress saponins as a possible bio-based alternative to address high-mortality rate tumours
dc.relation.ispartofMolecules
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectAntimicrobial resistance
dc.subjectAntibacterial activity
dc.subjectAntioxidant activity
dc.subjectMalus domestica
dc.subjectBioactive phytochemicals
dc.subjectFruit by-products
dc.subjectOxidative stress
dc.subjectPolyphenols
dc.titleFrom Apple Waste to Antimicrobial Solutions: A Review of Phenolics from PGI ‘Maçã de Alcobaça’ and Related Cultivarseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleAssociate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences
oaire.awardTitleMountain Research Center
oaire.awardTitleAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions
oaire.awardTitleCYPonins: Cypress saponins as a possible bio-based alternative to address high-mortality rate tumours
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0059%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F00690%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0007%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND4ed/2021.03728.CEECIND%2FCP1677%2FCT0001/PT
oaire.citation.endPage20
oaire.citation.issue18
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleMolecules
oaire.citation.volume30
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStreamCEEC IND4ed
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameBarros
person.familyNameHeleno
person.familyNameReis
person.givenNameLillian
person.givenNameSandrina A.
person.givenNameFilipa S.
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person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-9159-0530
person.identifier.ridJ-3600-2013
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person.identifier.scopus-author-id35236343600
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project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
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